average citation rates by field 2020

The difference between research influence and self-citation excess, $${\text{Threshold}} = \left[ {{\text{Q}}3} \right] + \left[ {\left( {{\text{Q}}3 - {\text{Q}}1} \right)*N} \right]$$, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-020-03417-5, How hot are hot papers? The 2020 Journal Impact Factors,published in the 2021 Journal Citation Report, are based on citations in 2020 to articles published in 2018 and 2019. Or is the management of the journals also a problem? The Highly Cited Researchers review procedure has the goal of identifying community-wide influence and its focus is the extent of self-citing rather than self-referencing, but both are examined for each putative selectee. Michael D. Brandt, The publication channels for many Highly Cited Researchers are the journals readily recognised as leading in their field, but this is not the case for some prolific self-citers. 4. Reward or persuasion? table displays aggregate data for each of the 22 ESI research fields. This dataset has particular value. Publications, 8(2), 17. an assay to measure the concentration of proteins, "Citation Indexes for Science: A New Dimension in Documentation through Association of Ideas", "Citation Frequency as a Measure of Research Activity and Performance", "Can Researchers Bank on Citation Analysis? A users guide to inflated and manipulated impact factors. Eventually, strict regulations and vaccine rollouts were implemented with enough success to begin to slow case growth [4]. 1 with the parameters of a lognormal fit to a negative binomial distribution. A variety of values for N may be considered, where a low threshold would be more exclusive, delineating a relatively large proportion of researchers to be reviewed, and a high threshold would be conservative, maximising inclusiveness and focussing only on extreme outliers. Therefore more than half thepublications are below the mean average. The Frontiers Neuroscience journal series includes all Frontiers journals in the field of Neuroscience. time. Biagioli, M., & Lippman, A. Another 2019; DAntuono and Ciavarella 2019; Peroni et al. In addition, self-citation rises with number of authors on a publication, as is also seen for citation impact (van Raan 1998; Aksnes 2003; Glnzel and Thijs 2004b; Leblond 2012; Lin and Huang 2012; Larivive et al. Hicks, D. (2012). The 10-year averages are calculated from citations from articles published during the same 10-year period. `Amongst all fields, only articles categorized as Medicine, General, or Internal according to WOS see a bump (28%) in citation rates that can be attributed to the field itself. If there are indeed a significant number of individuals who abuse the conventional research system by inappropriate practice then why does the system not detect and sanction this at review before publication? This would seemingly be an impactful factor in how often these articles are being cited. The median citation rate at two years for Covid-19 articles in the top journals across all eight fields is 120.79 (p = <0.001). [56] Also it is found that scholars engage in ethically questionable behavior in order to inflate the number of citations articles receive.[57]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2018.10.025. The average citation per article for these publications was 8.1. ScienceDirect is a database that contains over 25% of the worlds science, technology and medicine full text and bibliographic information (journals and books) published by Elsevier and other publishers. For additional information on how FWCI is calculated, see the Snowball Metrics Recipe Book (page 55). A concise review on the role of author self-citations in information science, bibliometrics and science policy. A taxonomy of motives to cite. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:SCIE.0000045117.13348.b1. We agree with a possible criticism that the group of researchers analysed here may not be wholly representative of their field since they are generally likely to be more experienced in building a substantial portfolio of well-cited publications. 2004; Costas et al. Bar plots show the total number of citations received in 2020 to articles published in 2018 and 2019, with Frontiers journals in blue. This table shows some sample publications A-D that are in different subjects, and have different document types. Journal of Informetrics,14(2), 100990. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joi.2019.100990. The article's average annual citation rate would be (10 + 5 + 12) / 3 = 9 citations per year. dividing the total number of citations received by all papers in the group We used WOS to determine the difference in rates at which Covid-19 and non-Covid-19 articles from 24 top medical journals are being cited. Scientometrics,11(12), 8197. They are not statistical tests but point to rather than definitively identifying possible cases of excessive self-citation. Scientometrics,44(3), 521531. Quantity of citations for Covid-19 and non-Covid-19 articles with median and range values across all fields. Article Ioannidis, J. P. A., Baas, J., Klavans, R., & Boyack, K. W. (2019). Bonzi, S., & Snyder, H. W. (1991). The 10 most cited papers all had more than 40,000 citations. Self-citations as strategic response to the use of metrics for career decisions. RCRs will also only take into account citations from articles in PubMed (i.e., citations from publications that are not in PubMed will not be factored into an article's RCR). ScienceDirect offers a search feature that displays cited references (journal articles or books) for a specific author or publication. 2018; Andersen et al. 2019; Seeber et al. It indexes o ver 15,000 journals from over 4,000 international publishers across the disciplines.. To find the citation counts to your own articles: Evidence of complex citer motivations. Detecting impact factor manipulation with data mining techniques. Inclusion of these would undoubtedly have increased the volume of papers and affected the results, though the direction or magnitude of change is unclear. ISBN 0 2625 37933. Classification method for detecting coercive self-citation in journals. Chapter Includes research papers, features, brief communications, case reports, technical notes, chronology, and full papers that were published in a journal and/or presented at a symposium or conference [5]. For the 2019 Highly Cited Researchers analysis, the papers included in the preliminary data development were those published and cited during 20082018. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology,60(6), 12831285. discover how a known idea or innovation has been confirmed, applied, improved, extended, or corrected.. Since the purpose of analysing highly cited research is to recognize scientists and social scientists with community-wide influence, which such portfolios lack, we introduced a filter to detect and review those whose high citation profile was in fact narrow and substantially self-generated. By contrast the calculation of a self-citation rate divides all citations to self by all citations received from self and others, and both accumulate over time. That figure is close to the findings of many other researchers in the following five decades. Scientometrics,5(4), 211218. Scientometrics,42(3), 423428. Journal of Psychosomatic Research,78(1), 711. 's (2016) paper. How much is too much? 6, 7, 8 and 9 in the Appendix that: The central normal range is similar, except in Engineering and Mathematics; The value of the low statistical threshold is well defined at the high end of the normal range, where the continuous distribution often breaks; Many but not all fields have some outlier values that lie above the high threshold. Extending the Mertonian norms: Scientists subscription to norms of research. No other fields accounted for significant difference in citation rates amongst Covid-19 and non-Covid-19 papers published within the same field. 2019). [10], The most-cited paper in history is a paper by Oliver Lowry describing an assay to measure the concentration of proteins. https://doi.org/10.22452/mjlis.vol22no1.1. The practical intention of a graphical method is that the threshold value applied to plotted data should identify exceptional instances of high self-citation compared to the normal range for that field and that set of researchers. [12] To reach the top-100 papers required 12,119 citations by 2014. In 2022, women earned an average of 82% of what men earned, according to a new Pew Research Center analysis of median hourly earnings of both full- and part-time workers. table reveals that papers from 2011 that received at least 14 citations fall in the 10% percentile of papers in Microbiology. Schreiber, M. (2009). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2014.11.008. Carley, S., Porter, A. L., & Youtie, J. The Scopus web site claims this database is the "largest abstract and citation database of peer-reviewed literature and quality web sources with smart tools to track, analyze and visualize research." Communism, universalism and disinterestedness: Re-examining contemporary support among academics for Mertons scientific norms. American Documentation,16(3), 179184. (1985). Waltmans review of citation impact indicators includes a summary of studies on self-citation (Waltman 2016). In I. Rafols, J. Molas-Gallart, E. Castro-Martinez & R. Woolley (Eds. ESI is a compilation of science performance statistics and science trends data using data from Clarivate Analytics Web of Science. Self-citation rates for 240 Highly Cited Researchers in the Essential Science Indicators field of Chemistry (CHE), analysing Web of Science data for 20082018. PLOS ONE promises fair, rigorous peer review, Each discipline makes an equal contribution to the metric, which eliminates differences in researcher citation behavior. The interpretation of exceptional will therefore depend on purpose and circumstance. eLIFE, 8, article number e45374. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-006-1716-2. At least 2 years of . But, in practice, a visual inspection of the full profile for the data set is required to complete a valid interpretation. The influence of self-citation corrections and the fractionalised counting of multi-authored manuscripts on the Hirsch index. https://doi.org/10.1080/09737766.2008.10700836. These rates of self-citation are evidently much lower than those of self-referencing, as expected for Highly Cited Researchers because their broad peer influence attracts many cites from others (van Raan 2008), and they are relatively more variable between fields compared to self-referencing. The overall distributions are shown in Fig. Our work arose out of a practical exercise, undertaken at Clarivate Analytics since 2014, to identify a group of elite, highly cited scientists and social scientists (Highly Cited Researchers, https://recognition.webofsciencegroup.com/awards/highly-cited/2019/). It's 27% for natural sciences and 32% for social sciences ( cite ). The WOS search criteria were customized to include documents categorized as Article published between January 1, 2020 and December 31, 2021. [12] Of Thomson Reuter's Web of Science database with more than 58 million items only 14,499 papers (~0.026%) had more than 1,000 citations in 2014.[12]. Campanario, J. M. (2011). between 2008 and the present. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.1.4929.1363. Slider with three articles shown per slide. 2010; Cooke and Donaldson 2014; Huang and Lin 2011; Schubert 2016; Galvez 2017; Hyland and Jiang 2018; Mishra et al. Learned Publishing,22(1), 511. Ghiasi, G., Larivire, V., & Sugimoto, C. R. (2016). Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. We anticipate that these findings could be of value to journals editors and researchers when considering efforts for future publications. Huang, M. H., & Lin, W. Y. C. (2011). However, this citation trend in Covid-19 literature has not been limited to only a select few articles. Kacem, A., Flatt, J. W., & Mayr, P. (2019). 2019; Biagioli and Lippman 2020). Self-citations in scientific literature. Goodhart's law [] states that when a feature of the economy is picked as an indicator of the economy, then it inexorably ceases to function as that indicator because people start to game it. 2019). Merton, R. K. (1942). impact of a paper in the same research field published in that year. baseline measure is the all-years citation rate, which is the citation rate for Tahamtan, I., & Bornmann, L. (2018). Are methodological papers more cited than theoretical or empirical ones: the case of sociology. In addition, we expect these findings to shed light on the influence that the current influx of Covid-19 literature will have on Journal Impact Factor (JIF) in the years ahead. reported that on average, delayed OAJs had citation rates twice as high as TAJs, and 3 times as high as immediate OAJs [9]. [29] In 2008 the Journal of Medical Internet Research began publishing views and Tweets. Not to be confused with. Citation indexing: Its theory and application in science, technology, and humanities. A general theory of bibliometric and other cumulative advantage processes. Engqvist, L., & Frommen, J. G. (2008). Country over-citation ratios. Toward the discovery of citation cartels in citation networks. This analysis, like others before, has been about individual self-citation by researchers. It is reasonable to expect that these rates are higher than those for all papers in a field, but the margin of difference is impossible to determine. In a study based on the Web of Science database across 118 scientific disciplines, the top 1% most-cited authors accounted for 21% of all citations. Journal of Informetrics,12(1), 203216. Calculating Field Weighted Citation Impact (FWCI). Kaplan, N. (1965). From one perspective, self-citation functions in the same way as any cited reference appended to a paper: it points to publications on which the present work depends, is related, or is positioned by the author. Social crowdsourcing tools such as Scholarometer have been proposed to address this need. Note: RCRs are only available for articles in PubMed. As will be seen below, this paper concentrates on author self-citation rather than co-author, or all-author to all-author, self-citation (following the approach of Kacem et al. Each graph includes Q1, Median, Q3 and the lower and upper thresholds (set at 1.5 and 3 times the inter-quartile range, IQR) for indicative outliers (see Fig. Between 2000 and 2015, the proportion of citations that went to this elite group grew from 14% to 21%. Brooks, T. A. van Raan, A. F. J. These results are similar to where the pay gap stood in 2002, when women earned 80% as much as men. (2018). The distribution of the average percentage of references that were to self-papers and citations that were from self-papers for each Highly Cited Researcher was calculated. Researchers are ranked by publication count within field and then a cut-off is applied at the threshold set by the square root calculation. Content analysis of references: Adjunct or alternative to citation counting. Soares, J. CiteScore metrics: A family of eight metrics and useful features. Covid-19 has dominated global focus since the onset of 2020, affecting over 200 countries across the world [15]. Through this selection process, over 6000 researchers were recognized: 3517 within the 21 ESI fields; and 2491 in the additional cross-field category created to recognize equivalent contributions across several fields. 2006; Thijs and Glnzel 2006; Schubert et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/497557a. Thijs, B., & Glnzel, W. (2006). Qualifiers and confounding issues immediately arise when asking what constitutes excessive or extreme levels of author self-citation. 2016; King et al. Scientometrics, 67(3), 503514. Do citations provide a full narrative of meaningful health outcomes? Further, 91% of the papers under the Article category in the database were classified as original works by the journals themselves. Mean citation rate per article in mathematics journals: Differences from the scientific model. ISBN-13: 978-3527337040. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02017571. A high level of self-citation may also reflect a certain insularity in terms of area of investigation, but what it does not signal is broad or community-wide influence (MacRoberts and MacRoberts 1989; van Raan 1998; Aksnes 2003; Glnzel et al. Assessing insularity in global science. We find that, across 24 open-access and subscription-based scientific journals, Covid-19 papers published in the past 2 years currently have a median citation rate of 120.79 compared to 21.63 for non-Covid-19 papers. For all years, Microbiology papers in the 10% percentile received a minimum of 38 citations. Porter, A. L. (1977). (608) 262-2020 2010; Bartneck and Kokkelmans 2011; Huang and Lin 2011; Ferrara and Romero 2013; Viiu 2016). The threshold number of highly cited papers that determines selection differs by field, with Clinical Medicine requiring the most and Agricultural Sciences, Economics & Business, and Pharmacology & Toxicology typically among the fewest. The difference between research influence and self-citation excess. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2017.12.004. Is collaboration among scientists related to the citation impact of papers because their quality increases with collaboration? Research suggests the impact of an article can be, partly, explained by superficial factors and not only by the scientific merits of an article. Seven myths in bibliometrics about facts and fiction in quantitative science studies. The self-citation pattern is different to other sciences and rates appear generally to be higher. An explanatory and interpretive example for Chemistry, which had 240 Highly Cited Researchers in the 2019 dataset, is shown in Fig. How much is too much? Comparisons between non-Covid-19 and Covid-19 articles including all fields are shown in Table 2. Garfield, E., & Sher, I. H. (1963). Schubert, A., Glnzel, W., & Thijs, B. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1212540. This term is used to denote any fixed fraction of top papers ordered by citation count. Bornmann, L., & Daniel, H.-D. (2008). Humility, noted Merton, serves to reduce the misbehavior of scientists below the rate that would occur if importance were assigned only to originality and the establishing of priority (Merton 1957). . Scientometrics,91(3), 943953. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-010-0306-5. Hirsch, J. E. (2005). While marked outliers are detectable, they are not present in all fields and they cannot be excluded by a single universal arbiter such as a percentile. Journal self-citations: Analyzing the JIF mechanism. If a top three journal did not meet this baseline, the next highest journal by impact factor from that field was included. Average Evidence-based Reading and Writing score: 529Average Math score: 521. These top 120 papers accounted for nearly 24 percent of all citations, while the top 500 papers account for nearly 50 percent. (2012). Koler-Povh et al. The patterns of self-citation rates suggest a very broad cultural consensus about the balance between building on ones own work and recognising the influence of others. An average for the full 10-year period is also given in All Years. These "tweetations" proved to be a good indicator of highly cited articles, leading the author to propose a "Twimpact factor", which is the number of Tweets it receives in the first seven days of publication, as well as a Twindex, which is the rank percentile of an article's Twimpact factor. The negative effects of citing with a national orientation in terms of recognition: National and international citations in natural-sciences papers from Germany, the Netherlands, and UK. The publication portfolio of each of the initially selected Highly Cited Researchers in each ESI field is examined to determine how often on average their highly cited papers: are cited by later papers on which they also appear as an author (Self-Citing, which reveals whether Highly Cited Researcher status is driven by self-citation rather than wider peer influence); are citing earlier papers on which they also appear as an author (Self-Referencing, which reveals whether Highly Cited Researchers draw on their own research as distinct from a wider research network). When the randomized 1:1 sample was analyzed, Covid-19 papers still received 82% more citations than non-Covid-19 papers (p<0.001, 95% CI [1.202.43]). PLoS Biology, 17(8), article number e3000384. (2016). 2010). Malaysian Journal of Library & Information Science,22(1), 114. II. The Citation Rates table under the Field Baselines menu displays data on the average citation rates of papers within the scientific fields over each of the past 10 years. The key to interpretation is the need to determine the relationship between summary citation impact and fundamental research influence. Science Technology & Society,23(1), 124. (1986). Merton later included humility in one description of the norms of scientific research (Merton 1957). These outliers may be distinguished graphically by setting a threshold related to the inter-quartile range of the relevant dataset. It also allows users to search within cited works. The larger the minimum number of citations, the smaller the peer group. Costas, R., van Leeuwen, T. N., & Bordons, M. (2010). Sherief A. Ghozy, Todeschini, R. & Baccini, A. Whilst in Sociology the number of references, the article length, and title length are among the factors. by the total number of papers. Google Scholar. We found that the WOS database included 76% of the Covid-19 papers contained within the journals themselves. In an isolated instance, citation counts will be highly inflated, leading to overestimates of the influence the scientist has in his field. While Garfield doubted self-citation would be a problem in research evaluation, Narin imagined the possibility. The phenomenon of self-citation has long interested bibliometricians, sociologists of science, and scientists and scholars themselves (Kaplan 1965; Meadows and OConnor 1971; Chubin and Moitra 1975; Narin 1976; Tagliacozzo 1977; Porter 1977; Garfield 1979; Lawani 1982; Peritz 1983; Brooks 1985, 1986; Trimble 1986;Merton 1988; MacRoberts and MacRoberts 1989; Bonzi and Snyder 1991; Bott and Hargens 1991, for example).

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