Schizophrenia 16-marker Plans (AQA A Level Psychology) Description AQA A Level Schizophrenia: 16-marker plans for the explanations and treatments of schizophrenia aqa a level psychology schizophrenia a2 psychology aqa a level psychology- 16-mark question plans as level Note by Grace Fawcitt, updated more than 1 year ago 2915 8 0 Resource summary So in this context it is the occurrence of two illnesses or conditions together; for example, a person has both schizophrenia and a personality disorder. Requires self-awareness and willingness to engage Held back by the symptoms schizophrenics encounter It is an ineffective treatment likely to lead to disengagement. However, evidence may not be reliable as patients recall may be affected by their schizophrenia. basis. 3. This suggests the doctors had no valid method for detecting schizophrenia. The modern understanding of diathesis-stress is slightly different. A weakness of the family relationsships appraoch is that there is a problem of cause and effect. 2002-2023 Tutor2u Limited. Read et al (2005) reviewed 46 studies of child abuse and schizophrenia and found concluded that 69% of adult women in-patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia had a physical abuse, sexual abuse or both during their childhood. It is now recognised that the vulnerability could be genetic or __environmental (for example, a traumatic event in early childhood). This suggests that there is a problem of the chicken and egg scenario in relation to expressed emotion causing schizophrenia. This manages schizophrenia because it maintains desirable behavior and no longer reinforces undesirable behavior. A strength of the cognitive explanation is that it has practical applications. Usually the person has convinced him/herself that he/she is someone powerful or important, such as Jesus Christ, the Queen (e.g. Tarrier (2005) reviewed trials of CBT, finding evidence of reduced symptoms, especially positive ones, and lower relapse rates. Zubin and Spring suggest that a person may be born with a predisposition towards schizophrenia which is then triggered by stress in everyday life. Berger (1965), however this evidence may be unreliable because the patients recall may be effected by the dis-order e.g. The aim in modern forms of this therapy is to reduce the stress in the family environment so preventing relapse. blended family a family unit composed of a married couple and their offspring including some from previous marriages. Medication can be taken as pills, syrups or injections, and may be taken over a short or long-term. Her psychiatrist wants to change her medication from typical antipsychotics to one of the atypical antipsychotics and has also suggested cognitive behavioural therapy", What do the data in Table 1 seem to show about the effectiveness of typical and atypical antipsychotics in the treatment of schizophrenia? Just challenging the dysfunctional thoughts through disputing may not be enough to change them if the thoughts have a biological basis. In CBT, schizophrenia patients are encouraged to trace back the origins of their symptoms in order to get a better idea of how the symptoms might have developed. First, the adoptees study method, the index offspring of adopting-away schizo (1991) found a relapse rate of almost 40% when patients had drugs only, compared to only 20 % when Family Therapy or Social Skills training were used and the relapse rate was less than 5% when both were used together with the medication. CBT is rarely used without drug therapy, suggesting it is not enough on its own to treat schizophrenia. . Schizophrenia Interactionist Approach Interactionist Approach Interactionist Approach Addiction Addiction Treatment Theories Aversion Therapy Behavioural Interventions Drug Therapy Gambling Addiction Nicotine Addiction Physical and Psychological Dependence Reducing Addiction Risk Factors for Addiction Six Stage Model of Behaviour Change This helps improve the quality of life for schizophrenia sufferers. Classification and diagnosis does have advantages as it allows doctors to communicate more effectively about a patient and use similar terminology when discussing them. They are effectively discriminated against (in this case, denied rewards) for being more severely ill. Many people who experience feelings of persecution have a general tendency to assume that other people cause the things that go wrong with their lives. Scheff (1966) points out that diagnosis classification labels the individual, and this can have many adverse effects, such as a self-fulfilling prophecy (patients may begin to act how they are expected to act), and lower self-esteem. 2. Lobban (2013) reports that other family members felt they were able to cope better thanks to family therapy. Family, twin and adoption studies must be considered cautiously because they are retrospective, and diagnosis may be biased by knowledge that other family members who may have been diagnosed. 806 8067 22, Registered office: International House, Queens Road, Brighton, BN1 3XE, psychological explanation for schizophrenia, psychological explanations for schizophrenia, Schizophrenia - SS2 - Explanations - Socio-Cultural - Research, I need help on this A Level AQA psychology 16 marker please , A-Level Psychology Revision Tips and Tricks , comparing biological explanation of SZ with family dysfunction , Family dysfunction model of schizophrenia , aqa alevel psychology paper 3 2022 predictions? (2003) studied DNA from human families affected by schizophrenia and found that those with the disease were more likely to have a defective version of a gene, called PPP3CC which is associated with the production of calcineurin which regulates the immune system. The fact that the concordance rates are not 100% means that schizophrenia cannot wholly be explained by genes and it could be that the individual has a pre-disposition to schizophrenia and simply makes the individual more at risk of developing the disorder. Broadcasting is a thought disorder whereby a person believes their thoughts are being broadcast to others, for example over the radio or through TV. First generation Antipsychotics are called Typical Antipsychotics Refer to evidence in youranswer. Response. B: behavior how do you react in these situations ? A second weakness of the cognitive model is that it is reductionist. This suggests that there is wider academic credibility for enlarged ventricles determining the likelihood of schizophrenia developing. Family therapy is a form of therapy carried out with members of the family with the aim of improving their communication and reducing the stress of living as a family. In the USA only 20% of psychiatric patients were classed as having schizophrenia in the 1930s but this rose to 80% in the 1950s . Simply Scholar Ltd. 20-22 Wenlock Road, London N1 7GU, 2023 Simply Scholar, Ltd. All rights reserved, Section 1 Diagnosis and Classification of Schizophrenia, Section 2 Biological Explanations for Schizophrenia, Section 3 Psychological Explanations for Schizophrenia, Section 4 Drug Therapy typical and atypical antipsychotics, Section 5 Psychological Therapies for Schizophrenia, Effective use of terminology (use the technical terms). Example Answers for Schizophrenia: A Level Psychology, Paper 3, June 2019 (AQA) Exam Support. In a follow up study they rejected genuine patients whom they assumed were part of the deception. This suggests that there are problems with the chicken and egg problem. [4 marks], - Atypical and typical antipsychotics are equally effective against positive symptoms with more than half of patients responding well, Apart from effectiveness, briefly explain one limitation of drug therapy for schizophrenia. A final weakness of the genetic explanation of schizophrenia is that it is biologically reductionist. The severity of the side-effects is a weakness as patients will be reluctant to take them, or may even die as a result of the effect. Briefly outline family dysfunction as an explanation for schizophrenia. LS23 6AD They assumed the bogus patients were schizophrenic with no real evidence. However, Thornley et al carried out a meta-analysis comparing the effects of Chlorpromazine to placebo conditions and found Chlorpromazine to be associated with better overall functioning Drug therapy is an effective treatment for SZ. There are two types of twins identical (monozygotic) and fraternal (dizygotic). This suggests that the cognitive approach is oversimplistic when consider the explanation of schizophrenia. Visual - Evaluation of the icd and dsm as tools to diagnose schizophrenia. AQA maintains that 16-mark questions, or indeed, extended writing questions of other tariffs, could be asked on any part of any topic. Communication skills training teach family to listen, to express emotions and to discuss things. They block dopamine receptors on post-synaptic neurons, meaning that less dopamine is transmitted across the synapse. Family therapy is based on the theory that schizophrenia is associated with schizophrenogenic mothers, double bind communication, expressed emotion, or other dysfunction in the family. Jack's experiences can be linked to the family dysfunction explanation. To form identical twins, one fertilised egg (ovum) splits and develops two babies with exactly the same genetic information. Kendler (1985) has shown that first-degree relatives of those with schizophrenia are 18 times more at risk than the general population. Vasos (2012) Found the risk of schizophrenia was 2.37 times greater in cities than it was in the countryside, probably due to stress levels. The entire evaluation of Schizophrenia (AQA A-level Psychology) 33.39 5.49 3x sold 11 items 1. Research evidence from autopsies has shown that schizophrenia sufferers have more dopamine receptors, which may lead to more neural firing and therefore an over production of messages. For the classification system to be reliable, differfent clinicians using the same system (e.g. They involve modifying/interfering with the action of neurotransmitters, in order to increase (agonists) or decrease (antagonists) their activity. As the drugs block dopamine activity, they tend to have (sometime severe) side-effects. Al (2011) suggest many aspects of urban living ranging from life stressors to the use of drugs, can have an effect on human epigenetics. Book now . laying out what they hope to achieve through the therapy. Researchers have focused on two factors which appear to be related to some of the experiences and behaviors of people diagnosed with schizophrenia. Often, little or nothing is done to rectify the situation or to alleviate its adverse effects upon the child. One criticism of the dopamine hypothesis is there is a problem with the chicken and egg. One of the most important cognitive theories of schizophrenia is attention deficit theory. It is therefore prescribed when the patient is at risk of suicide. Where two conditions are frequently diagnosed together it calls into question the . Family Dysfunction refers to any forms of abnormal processes within a family such as conflict, communication problems, cold parenting, criticism, control and high levels of expressed emotions. There is no such thing as a normal schizophrenic exhibiting the usual symptoms. Prolonged exposure to such interactions prevents the development of an internally coherent construction of reality; in the long run, this manifests itself as typically schizophrenic symptoms such as flattening affect, delusions and hallucinations, incoherent thinking and speaking, and in some cases paranoia. To stabilize the social authority of the doctor and the family. More receptors lead to more firing and an over production of messages. He used MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) to obtain pictures of the brain structure of MZ twins in which one twin was schizophrenic. 11 Explain how family dysfunction might be involved in schizophrenia. This is a useful point to emphasise in any essay on the disorder. Comorbidity describes people who suffer from two or more mental disorders. Sometimes when people with schizophrenia become depressed, so it is common to prescribe anti-depressants at the same time as the anti-psychotics. For example, some patients on typical antipsychotics develop tardive dyskinesia- a condition where there are uncontrollable facial tics. Effectively means that it needs to be clearly linked and explained in the context of the answer. Twenty-six of forty patients (65.0%) were taking haloperidol and 14 (35.0%) chlorpromazine. Recovery may be due to psychological factors The placebo effect is when patients symptoms are reduced because they believe that it should. (2004): Adopted children from families with schizophrenia had more chance of developing the illness than children from normal families. That said, please be assured that question paper development involves a rigorous and robust process during which experienced colleagues determine whether or not, for any specific content, within a . Mischler & Waxler (1968) found significant differences in the way mothers spoke to their schizophrenic daughters compared to their normal daughters, which suggests that dysfunctional communication may be a result of living with the schizophrenic rather than the cause of the disorder. Evidence for this comes from that fact that amphetamines increase the amounts of dopamine . The descriptions follow the same criteria; however you have to use the issues and debates effectively in your answers. Gottesman (1991) found that MZ twins have a 48% risk of getting schizophrenia whereas DZ twins have a 17% risk rate. A second weakness of the neuroanatomical explanations is that it is biologically deterministic. One weakness of the cognitive explanation is that there are problems with cause and effect. These include reduced levels of emotional expression, disorganised speech and delusions. b) Explain one reason why there might be a problem of bias and generalisation in this study. Side effects are less severe where patients are taking a reduced dose, as many do today, but this can reduce the effectiveness of the drug as well. Chlorpromazine and Haloperidol. Support for family research, Tienari et al (1994) adoption study found those adopted children who had schizophrenic parents were more likely to become ill themselves than those children with non-biological parents. Evidence to support this view comes from the prospective adoption study by Tienari et al. They believed that schizophrenia was a result of social pressures from life. 214 High Street, CSE aims to teach individuals to develop and apply effective coping strategies which will reduce the frequency, intensity and duration of psychotic symptoms and alleviate the accompanying distress. Copyright Get Revising 2023 all rights reserved. This causes the neurons that use dopamine to fire too often and transmit too many messages. A nationwide Finnish sample of schizophrenics' offspring given up for adoption was compared blindly with matched controls, who were adopted offspring of non-schizophrenic biological parents. Interactionist approaches attempt to explain schizophrenia as a combination of nature (biological) and nurture (environmental) factors. Culture One of the biggest controversies in relation to classification and diagnosis is to do with cultural relativism and variations in diagnosis. One biological explanation for schizophrenia is that it is passed on through the genes. Problems of validity: Are we really testing what we think we are testing? They may or may not treat the illness as well as clozapine, however. Is it the cognitive deficits which causes the schizophrenic behavior or is the schizophrenia that causes the cognitive deficits? For example, about 50% of people with schizophrenia are also diagnosed with depression. double-bind, high expressed emotion - . tutor2u's AQA Knowledge Books are designed to help students recap and revise the essential specification knowledge by providing retrieval activities and exam skills development - View resources New for 2023 | Online CPD Courses for AQA A-Level Psychology Teachers CPD (Online) A second explanation developed, which suggests that it is not excessive dopamine but that fact that there are more dopamine receptors. This makes it more difficult to confidently diagnose schizophrenia. VAT reg no 816865400. This limits the usefulness of token economies in treating schizophrenia. You MUST revise everything because the exam board could choose any question, however, it does make sense to spend more time on those topics which have not appeared for a while. This requires honesty, patience and unconditional acceptance. Biological explanations for schizophrenia can be criticised for being biologically reductionist. Getting dressed, tokens (in the form of coloured discs) are given immediately as secondary reinforcers which can be exchanged for rewards eg. This supports a genetic link. Company Reg no: 04489574. Double bind is based on clinical observation the patients and early evidence involved assessing the personality of the mothers for 'crazy-making' characterists. Family studies find individuals who have schizophrenia and determine whether their biological relatives are similarly affected more often than non-biological relatives. Ethical issues Severely ill patients cant get privileges because they are less able to comply with desirable behaviors than moderately ill patients They may suffer from discrimination. This suggests that there is wider academic credibility for the idea of contradictory messages causing schizophrenia. Atypical antipsychotics such as Clozapine bind to dopamine, serotonin and glutamate receptors. The researchers found that the males had a genetic condition which became later known as "Brunner syndrome" (it is important to note that females only carry this condition, as it only affects the MAOA production gene on the single X chromosome in males). There have also been ethical concerns as such a process is seen to be dehumanising, subjecting the patient to a regime which takes away their right to make choices. Help the patient realise it is normal to have negative thoughts in certain situations. Group As scores suggest a normal distributed as the mean, median and mode are all almost the same (22). Boston Spa, Bateson et al. A second strength of the research into expressed emotion (EE) is that it has practical applications. Full Text. (1956) suggested the double bind theory, which suggests that children who frequently receive contradictory messages from their parents are more likely to develop schizophrenia. Boston House, These may be risk factors for the development and maintenance of schizophrenia. Both aspect of diathesis-stress must be present to develop the disorder. Lengthy It takes months compared to drug therapy that takes weeks which leads to disengaged treatment as they dont see immediate effects A patient who is very distressed and perhaps suicidal may benefit better in the short term from antipsychotics. For example parents who say they care whilst appearing critical or who express love whilst appearing angry. 11 items. It is not clear which comes first. This suggests that there may be problems of demand characteristics. ', In a study of communication, researchers used a language rating scale to compare two groups of participants. including dysfunctional thought processing. Let the patient develop their own alternatives to their previous maladaptive behavior by looking at coping strategies and alternative explanations. Saul Mcleod, Ph.D., is a qualified psychology teacher with over 18 years experience of working in further and higher education. (1972) described how a child may be regularly trapped in situations where they fear doing the wrong thing, but receive mixed messages about what counts as wrong. Aetiological validity for a diagnosis to be valid, all patients diagnosed as schizophrenic should have the same cause for their disorder. Does the low motivation reflect depression or schizophrenia, or both? Concordance rates are never 100% which suggests that environmental factors must also play a role in the development of SZ. 1. a group of people related by blood or marriage or a strong common bond, such as those descended from a common ancestor, or a husband, wife, and their children. The entire evaluation of Schizophrenia (AQA A-level Psychology) 33.39 5.49. A strength is that the research into enlarged ventricles and neurotransmitter levels have high reliability. Carrying on a logical discussion till the patient begins to see where their ideas are going wrong and why they developed. Cultural bias African Americans and those of Afro-carribean descent are more likely to be diagnosed than their white counterparts but diagnostic rates in Africa and the West Indies is low Western over diagnosis is a result of cultural norms and the diagnosis lacks validity. Research in Hampshire, by Kingdon and Kirschen (2006) found that CBT is not suitable for all patients, especially those who are too thought disorientated or agitated, who refuse medication, or who are too paranoid to form trusting alliances with practitioners. The idea of pleasing her, shows that he does want to make . This is evidence that the higher the degree of genetic relativeness, the higher the risk of getting schizophrenia. As there is strong evidence that relapse is related to stress and expressed emotion within the family, it seems likely that CBT should be employed alongside family therapy in order to reduce the pressures on the individual patient. However, the fact that these people were on medication and having regular meetings with doctors would be expected to have that effect anyway. Gottesman (1991) has found that schizophrenia is more common in the biological relatives of a schizophrenic, and that the closer the degree of genetic relatedness, the greater the risk. For example hallucinations are a symptom of both schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. They also have some effect on other neurotransmitters such as serotonin . Eg. However, biological factors must have had a role to play as none of the adoptees with no family history of schizophrenia from disturbed families developed schizophrenia, Boston House, disputing techniques. Abstract. There is a lack of understanding and explanation of how the diathesis-stress model works- it is known that both have to be present to lead to schizophrenia, but not how the mechanisms of schizophrenia symptoms develop. This raises practical and ethical issues when selecting different types of tretment. Adults with an insecure attachement to their primary carere are also more likely to have schizophrenia (Berry et al 2008). Pathophysiology, evaluation and treatment of erectile dysfunction: review article Andrey Biff Sarris 1 , Maki Caroline Nakamura 1 Luiz Gustavo Rachid Fernandes 1 , Sweets and cigarettes. High dopamine activity leads to acute episodes, and positive symptoms which include: delusions, hallucinations, confused thinking. Without this knowledge a person displaying overt emotional behavior in a Western culture might be regarded as abnormal. Refer to one or more types of family dysfunction in your answer. For men the figure was 59%. Cognitive deficits have been suggested as possible explanations for a range of behaviors associated with schizophrenia. This is mainly aimed at lowering expressed emotion. Antipsychotic drugs (drugs used to reduce the intensity of the symptoms) are the most common treatment for schizophrenia. By oversimplifying schizophrenia in terms of genes and neurotransmitters, the social context within which it develops has not been considered. The ventricles of a person with schizophrenia are on average about 15% bigger than normal (Torrey, 2002). The adoptive families were investigated thoroughly using joint and individual interviews and psychological tests. A study by Anderson et al. This demonstrates the high reliability of the clinical diagnosis of schizophrenia using up-to-date classification. Toyokawa, Et. Last chance to attend a Grade Booster cinema workshop before the exams. If the distress caused to the child is severe and long-lasting, he/she may . [8 marks] The fact that jack could never talk to his mum shows a symptom of schizophrenia, that fact that he displays lack of speech. These might include things as simple as turning up the TV to drown out the voices they were hearing! Bruce Johnson is an A-level psychology teacher, and head of the sixth form at Caterham High School. (2006) CBT is highly effective and should be used as a mainstream treatment for schizophrenia wherever possible. Schizophrenics returning to such a family were more likely to relapse into the disorder than those returning to a family low in EE. These refer to the latest editions of the two classification systems. Psychological therapies are very rarely used alone, but sometimes patients may just take drugs without any other therapy. Falloon et al (1996) stress such as divorce or bereavement, causes the brain to be flooded with neurotransmitters which brings on the acute episode. Get Revising is one of the trading names of The Student Room Group Ltd. Register Number: 04666380 (England and Wales), VAT No. Cognitive biases refer to selective attention. Research using family studies have suggested a genetic vulnerability is inherited and this varies from those with a high . Heather (1976) there is only a 50% chance of predicting what treatment a patient will receive based on diagnosis, suggesting that diagnosis is not valid. less effect on movement Individual differences EE is associated with relapse but not all patients who live in high EE families relapse and not all patients in low EE families avoid relapse Family dysfunction is an incomplete explanation for schizophrenia. In more extreme cases the patient might be unable to cope with the pressures of having to discuss their ideas and feelings and could become stressed by the therapy, or over-fixated with the details of their illness. 806 8067 22 Other side effects are potentially fatal, for example agranulocytosis and neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS). Family Therapy aims to reduce levels of expressed emotion, and reduced the likelihood of relapse. Participants in Group B, the control group, were a volunteer sample of people who attended a community centre.
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