was the elizabethan religious settlement successful

As spokesman for the government, Bacon delivered its mission statement, to unite the people of this realm into a uniform order of religion'. The fine was one shilling, then about one day's labour for a skilled worker, but few were collected in practice. Calvinists were divided between conformists and Puritans, who wanted to abolish what they considered papist abuses and replace episcopacy with a presbyterian church government. Henry was later excommunicated from the Catholic Church after his secret marriage to Anne. How could she reconcile the nation? In 1568 a college was founded at Douai (Spanish Netherlands) which trained priests, whom would . Upload unlimited documents and save them online. Divisions in religion could so easily lead to a damaging civil war. [35], The most significant revision was a change to the Communion Service that added the words for administering sacramental bread and wine from the 1549 prayer book to the words in the 1552 book. Elizabethan Church, the Thirty-nine Articles of Religion, provides ample support to this authors contention that the Elizabethan Church Settlement was not really a via media, the middle road, but one that was distinctly Protestant. The is essay will argue that in the period 15581564 the religious settlement was broadly success useful as it was slowly adhered to with little opposition up until 1564. The bill was hotly debated but eventually passed by three votes. Elizabeth I knew that one of her first acts as queen needed to resolve the ongoing confusion about what the Church of England was. This new amalgamated version, like its predecessors, set out how church services should be conducted and was itself to be used in those services. Books Historians debate how fast and complete the settlement changed religion in England. Most Catholics, however, were "church papists"Catholics who outwardly conformed to the established church while maintaining their Catholic faith in secret. A revised supremacy bill had passed the House of Commons before the recess but had been . [76] Initially, recusant priests advised the laity to simply abstain from Protestant communion. What was the Elizabethan Religious Settlement? Quentin Metsys the Younger (Public Domain). Somerset was a Calvinist, and the young king grew up with a host of Protestant tutors. Queen Elizabeth I wanted to build a stable, peaceful nation with a strong government, free from the influence of foreign powers in matters of the church and the state. With bishops, however, only one agreed to take the oath and all the others had to step down. Now outside the established church, the different strands of the Puritan movement evolved into separate denominations: Congregationalists, Presbyterians, and Baptists. Elizabeth was a Protestant, but not a zealous one as her brother Edward VI had been. Elizabeth then set about returning the Church of England to its reformed state as it had been under Edward VI or, if possible, not quite as radical. Retrieved from https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1565/the-elizabethan-religious-settlement/. The Church will not prohibit oath-taking by Christians for civic purposes. [41] During this time, Calvinist clergy held the best bishoprics and deaneries. Elizabeth's intention was that the Religious Settlement would prove a compromise acceptable to people of all religious standpoints. From across the sea, an art revolution is coming. Elizabeth had to also concede to the radical Protestants and so she introduced a new Book of Common Prayer in 1559 CE which was not quite as radical as Thomas Cranmer's 1552 CE version but more so than the more moderate 1549 CE version. 'Bloody Mary's' brief reign was ended by cancer, and her half-sister Elizabeth took the throne in 1558 CE. As for the manner of their service in church and their prayers, except that they say them in the English tongue, one can still recognise a great part of the Mass, which they have limited only in what concerns individual communion. Failure to attend service resulted in a small fine (which was then given to the poor). [28], The alternative title was less offensive to Catholic members of Parliament, but this was unlikely to have been the only reason for the alteration. According to historian Diarmaid MacCulloch, the conflicts over the Elizabethan Settlement stem from the "tension between Catholic structure and Protestant theology". The debate quickly descended into name-calling and two of the Catholics were sent to the Tower for contempt. Mark is a full-time author, researcher, historian, and editor. The Pope's authority was removed, but rather than granting the Queen the title of Supreme Head, it merely said she could adopt it herself. It was designed to settle the divide between Catholics and Protestants and address the differences in services and beliefs. It restored the 1552 version of the English Prayer Book but kept many of the familiar old practices and allowed for two interpretations of communion, one Catholic and one Protestant. Some lost faith in the Church of England as an agent of reform, becoming separatists and establishing underground congregations. In 1581, a new law made it treason to be absolved from schism and reconciled with Rome and the fine for recusancy was increased to 20 per month (50 times an artisan's wage). Enjoy the bank holiday weekend celebrating King Charles III's coronation, Why do artists draw, and what can their sketches teach us about their skills and techniques? [115] It was in the period after 1660 that Richard Hooker's thought became influential within the Church of England, as Anglicans tried to define themselves in ways distinct from Protestant dissenters. A French ambassador, writing in 1597 CE, confirms this view in his description of a typical English Church service: Sign up for our free weekly email newsletter! This was particularly evident between 1565 and 1567 during the Vestments controversy over the refusal of some clergy to wear the clerical dress required by the Royal Injunctions. This petition for church reform was referred to the Hampton Court Conference of 1604, which agreed to produce a new version of the Book of Common Prayer that incorporated a few changes requested by the Puritans. A debate was scheduled during the Easter recess between a team of Catholics and a team of Protestants, with the Privy Council as judge and Bacon as Chairman. She pledged not to interfere in issues of Church doctrine but only focus on administration. [47] Other provisions of the Royal Injunctions were out of step with the Edwardian Reformation and displayed the Queen's conservative preferences. Here is an example answer to the following 16-mark question on whether geographical divisions were the biggest problem for Elizabeth I in establishing the religious settlement in England. Indulge in gifts inspired by its Elizabethan symbolism. Special interests include art, architecture, and discovering the ideas that all civilizations share. From there they wrote and published a large body of Catholic polemical work to counter Protestantism, particularly Thomas Harding, Richard Smyth, and William Allen. [88], The controversy over dress divided the Protestant community, and it was in these years that the term Puritan came into use to describe those who wanted further reformation. The Holy Scriptures contain "all things necessary for salvation. The traditionalist argument was very pro-Protestant. Yes and no. Since the Act of Uniformity 1549 which approved the first prayer book was passed in January, it is likely that the provisions of the 1549 prayer book were intended, even though Edward's second year ended several months before the book was published. [102], In 1603, the King of Scotland inherited the English crown as James I. What historian argued that the Elizabethan reforms were slow to take hold in some regions of England? Mary was just as passionate a Catholic as Edward had been Protestant. Implemented between 1559 and 1563, the settlement is considered the end of the English Reformation, permanently shaping the theology and liturgy of the Church of England and laying the foundations of Anglicanism's unique identity. Extremism would not be tolerated and name-calling and mud-slinging would not move things forward. Meaning he could finally divorce Catherine! It included the Act of Supremacy, Act of Uniformity, a new Book of Common Prayer, and the Thirty-Nine Articles. Henry wished to dissolve his marriage to Catherine and to be remarried to Anne Boleyn, but Pope Clement VII refused. Unlike in other Protestant states, the old Catholic structure of the Church below the sovereign was maintained with the bishops organised in a hierarchy. The Settlement failed to end religious disputes. In effect, Elizabeth was declaring that she did not believe in the doctrine of transubstantiation. The Thirty-nine Articles were not intended as a complete statement of the Christian faith but of the position of the Church of England in relation to the Catholic Church and dissident Protestants. During Henry's reign, the Church of England went semi-Lutheran in 1537, asserting that justification by faith alone was central to doctrine and that the church should eliminate saint worship. World History Encyclopedia is a non-profit organization. The Elizabethan settlement did not settle the religious debates brought by the Reformation but it did provide the structure for the Church of England, much of which is still in use today. This resulted in Elizabeth appointing 27 new bishops whose support she could not afford to lose given there was a shortage of qualified Protestant clergy in England. The Elizabethan Settlement sought to provide a compromise between Protestants and Catholics by making a Church of England that had elements of both. Returning to Protestantism would align England with the Dutch, its main trading partner, but risked antagonising Spain, the most powerful nation in the world. The queen's reassertion of control over religious matters was achieved via the April 1559 CE Act of Supremacy, once more closing the door on the Pope. [40] Across the nation, parishes paid to have roods, images and altar tabernacles removed, which they had only recently paid to restore under Queen Mary. Clergy were to wear the surplice (rather than cope or chasuble) for services. Taxes that had been paid to Rome were, as before Mary's reign, redirected to the English government. This group was led by Richard Neile of Durham and became known as the Durham House group. The Elizabethan Religious Settlement. of the users don't pass the Elizabethan Settlement quiz! [11], Elizabeth's religious views were Protestant, though "peculiarly conservative". The Elizabethan Settlement did not heal the divide between Protestants and Catholics. Cartwright, M. (2020, June 02). It is also true that many preachers simply carried on as before hoping not to be noticed by the authorities - who in some cases were sympathetic at a local level. [16] The Queen's principal secretary was Sir William Cecil, a moderate Protestant. [34] Edward's second regnal year ran from 28 January 1548 to 27 January 1549. She reversed the religious innovations introduced by her father and brother. The remaining bishops were all Catholics appointed during Mary's reign, and Elizabeth's advisers hoped they could be persuaded to continue serving. The Church that Elizabeth created is unique. [66], The settlement of 1559 had given Protestants control of the Church of England, but matters were different at the parish level, where Catholic priests and traditional laity held large majorities. World History Encyclopedia. [7] Christ's Real Presence in the Eucharist was no longer explained by the Catholic doctrine of transubstantiation; instead, the 1552 Book of Common Prayer promoted the Reformed teaching of Christ's spiritual presence. The queen was determined to see the act enforced and sent inspectors around the parishes for that purpose. Christians must not make oaths for civic duty. The visitation was conducted according to injunctions based on the Royal Injunctions of 1547. [74] In 1568, the English College at Douai was founded to provide a Catholic education to young Englishmen and, eventually, to train a new leadership for a restored Catholic Church in England. Have all your study materials in one place. [98] Whitgift's first move against the Puritans was a requirement that all clergy subscribe to three articles, the second of which stated that the Prayer Book and Ordinal contained "nothing contrary to the word of God". Only one Catholic bishop took the oath to Elizabeth - all the rest refused and lost their office. The Queen never forgave John Knox for writing The First Blast of the Trumpet Against the Monstruous Regiment of Women, which denounced female monarchs, and the Reformation in Geneva was tainted by association. After the Restoration in 1660, the Settlement was restored, and the Puritans were forced out of the Church of England. The Elizabethan Settlement was an attempt to end this religious turmoil. While broad and ambiguous, this provision was meant to reassure Catholics that they would have some protection. Subsequently, two Catholics, John Felton and John Story, were executed for treason. [54], Music in the Church of England was limited to biblical texts and music sung during worship in the early church. The 1588 Marprelate Controversy led to the discovery of the presbyterian organisation that had been built up over the years. This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon this content non-commercially, as long as they credit the author and license their new creations under the identical terms. [119], Supreme Governor of the Church of England, The First Blast of the Trumpet Against the Monstruous Regiment of Women, History of the Puritans under Queen Elizabeth I, A View of Popish Abuses yet remaining in the English Church, "Music and Reform in France, England, and Scotland", Elizabethan Religious Settlement - World History Encyclopedia, Documents Illustrative of English Church History, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elizabethan_Religious_Settlement&oldid=1137970785, This page was last edited on 7 February 2023, at 09:43. How did the Elizabethan settlement affect the reformation in England? All clergy and royal office-holders would be required to swear an Oath of Supremacy. For only $5 per month you can become a member and support our mission to engage people with cultural heritage and to improve history education worldwide. The Church of England's refusal to adopt the patterns of the Continental Reformed churches deepened conflict between Protestants who desired greater reforms and church authorities who prioritised conformity. The Elizabethan Settlement was religious legislation passed from 1559 to 1571 that intended to provide a compromise between English Catholics and Protestants. Examples of permissible music included metrical psalms and liturgical texts such as the Te Deum. [95] Under Field's leadership, the Classical Movement was active among Puritans within the Church of England throughout the 1570s and 1580s. The settlement continued the English Reformation which had begun during the reign of her father, Henry VIII of England (r. 1509-1547 CE) whereby the Protestant Church of England split from the Catholic Church led by the Pope in Rome. Take and eat this in remembrance that Christ died for thee, and feed on him in thy heart by faith with thanksgiving" [1552]. A priest found guilty of performing a mass could face the death penalty. In November, A Second Admonition to Parliament was publishedmost likely authored by Thomas Cartwright or Christopher Goodmanwhich presented a more detailed proposal for church reform along presbyterian lines. It was a defeat for the Queen's legislative programme, so she withheld royal assent. However, only 4% of all lower clergy . Queen Elizabeth was in attendance for the opening speech which was delivered by Nicholas Bacon, the Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal. The Admonition Controversy was not a disagreement over soteriologyboth Cartwright and Whitgift believed in predestination and that human works played no role in salvation. Mary died in November 1558 without a Catholic heir, leaving the throne to the Protestant Elizabeth. 1559-60: 400 Catholic clergymen who served under Mary I resign. In this address, Elizabeth deliberately disassociated herself from the unpopular regime under Queen Mary I by signalling how hers would be different. Some Catholic religious opposition was not constraint to England, but failed to affect the successful establishment of Elizabeth's religious settlement. They tried to push more Protestant-leaning reforms in 1566 but failed. By Elizabeth's death, Roman Catholicism had become "the faith of a small sect", largely confined to gentry households. Although most people were able to sing, worship was dominated by choral liturgies, especially in the cathedrals. World History Foundation is a non-profit organization registered in Canada. The Archbishop of Canterbury remained at the top, the Archbishop of York was number two, and the monarch appointed the bishops and archbishops. 8,000 priests and less important clergy did so. "It was worthwhile for Elizabeth's government to throw the Lutherans a few theological scraps, and the change also chimed with the queen's personal inclination to Lutheran views on eucharistic presence. Marks: 16 marks + 4 marks SPAG. [33] The rubric provided instructions for clerical vestments, stating that until the Queen ordered otherwise ministers were to "use such ornaments as were in use by the authority of Parliament in the second year of the reign of King Edward VI". Many became leaders of an underground Catholic Church. Even this was possible only through political intrigue. [28], The bill included permission to receive communion in two kinds. The upheaval by yet another major religious reform resulted in rebellion in many English provinces. The Elizabethan Settlement was religious legislation passed from 1559 to 1571 that intended to provide a compromise between English Catholics and Protestants. [17] Her Privy Council was filled with former Edwardian politicians, and only Protestants preached at Court. In response, a group of conformists including Richard Bancroft, John Bridges, Matthew Sutcliffe, Thomas Bilson, and Hadrian Saravia began defending the English Church's episcopal polity more strongly, no longer merely accepting it as convenient but asserting it as divine law. Be perfectly prepared on time with an individual plan. [71], In the early years of Elizabeth's reign, most Catholics hoped the Protestant ascendancy would be temporary, as it had been prior to Mary's restoration of papal authority. 30 Apr 2023. The World History Encyclopedia logo is a registered trademark. Earn points, unlock badges and level up while studying. The Religious Settlement was an attempt by Elizabeth I to unite the country after the changes in religion under Henry VIII, Edward VI and Mary I. Some Rights Reserved (2009-2023) under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license unless otherwise noted. By the 1580s, conformist Protestants (termed "parish anglicans" by Christopher Haigh and "Prayer Book protestants" by Judith Maltby) were becoming a majority. The Act of Supremacy of 1558 re-established the Church of . [48], In some instances, the injunctions contradicted the 1559 prayer book. Taken together the Acts of Supremacy and Uniformity, supplemented by Royal Injunctions in July 1559, completed the settlement of religion upon which the Church of England is based. There were 10,000 parishes in England at this time so this shows that the religious settlement was largely successful . While some were happy to return to the traditional religion, many were not, and the land was ripped apart by rebellion. The Elizabethan Settlement provided the foundation for the Church of England, much of which is still in place today. Henry named Edward Seymour, Duke of Somerset, as regent for the young King Edward VI. In 1539, Henry tried to walk back some of his more Lutheran-leaning reforms and make the Church of England more Catholic by reaffirming transubstantiation and celibacy for clerics. Parker was a prominent scholar and had served as chaplain to Elizabeth's mother, Anne Boleyn. World History Publishing is a non-profit company registered in the United Kingdom. The first act passed by the House of Commons in February 1559 joined together a bill of supremacy, establishing Queen Elizabeth I as head of the church, with one of uniformity, dealing with the type of faith and service. Henry VIII secured his position on the throne through violence in 1485 when he defeated Richard III. Haigh argues that the Act of Uniformity "produced an ambiguous Book of Common Prayer: a liturgical compromise which allowed priests to perform the Church of England communion with Catholic regalia, standing in the Catholic position, and using words capable of Catholic interpretation". What was Queen Elizabeth I's mission statement, as outlined by spokesman Sir Nicholas Bacon? Nie wieder prokastinieren mit unseren Lernerinnerungen. [15] At Westminster Abbeystill a Benedictine monasterythe Queen disapproved of what she considered Catholic superstition, telling the monks bearing candles in procession, "Away with those torches, for we see very well". Want to search our collection? [83], The persecution of 15811592 changed the nature of Roman Catholicism in England. The hybrid thus created was a compromise that left numerous issues unresolved. [12] She also kept many of her religious views private, which can make it difficult to determine what she believed. As the historian D. Starkey notes, Elizabeth's cautious reforms resulted in "a Church that was Protestant in doctrine, Catholic in appearance" (314). [67], Gradually, England was transformed into a Protestant country as the prayer book shaped Elizabethan religious life. Geographical divisions were the biggest problem in establishing the religious settlement in England'. Elizabethan Settlement. What were the main features of the Elizabethan Religious Settlement? The Elizabethan Settlement was religious legislation that provided a compromise between English Catholics and Protestants. Was the Elizabethan settlement successful? [14] He argues the modifications were most likely meant to appease domestic and foreign Lutheran Protestants who opposed the memorialist view originating from reformed Zurich. The Book of Common Prayer gave English-speaking people prayers in their language. 1559: Parliament passes the Act of Uniformity and the Act of Supremacy. The Elizabethan . The Council hoped that by separating them at least the Supremacy bill would pass. [24], The lay peers joined the bishops in their opposition and succeeded in amending the bill considerably. Again, the question remained a moving target, and many-faced persecution as the definition of acceptable religion continued to shift. Some modifications were made to appeal to Catholics and Lutherans, including giving individuals greater latitude concerning belief in the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist and permission to use traditional priestly vestments. We contribute a share of our revenue to remove carbon from the atmosphere and we offset our team's carbon footprint. When his request was denied, Henry separated the Church of England from the Roman Catholic Church and claimed that he, rather than the pope, was its supreme head on earth. [32] This made it easier for priests to "counterfeit" the Mass without risking arrest. [106], The Church of England's dominant theology was still Calvinism, but a group of theologians associated with Bishop Lancelot Andrewes disagreed with many aspects of the Reformed tradition, especially its teaching on predestination. Try and produce an argument for your decision by gathering evidence from the article! [107], The Restoration of the monarchy in 1660 allowed for the restoration of the Elizabethan Settlement as well. Henry VIII officially broke with the Catholic Church in Rome in 1534 by passing the First Act of Supremacy, making himself head of a new Church of England. Was the Elizabethan settlement successful? Same period: some extreme Protestants were disappointed by the religious settlement because think that the religious changes are not extreme enough. During Edward's reign, the Church of England adopted a Reformed theology and liturgy.

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