ticknall tramway walk

reserved. Pack a bigger bag and see more of the country. At this time, the estimated cost for the Tramway was stated to be 29,500 and the proposed completion date was given as 1st May 1801. Send us photos or a comment about this route. An order was placed in April 1799 with the Butterley Ironworks to supply the first batch of cast iron rails, sufficient for five miles of track and having a total weight of 700 tons, with delivery to be during the following July. The best way to stay up to date on service alerts and other DART-related news and information is to register for My DART Updates. Small donation for our work/insurance. The route of the tramway was of a Y shaped configuration, with the main trunk having double track and the two principal branches were single track. This horse was then led back down the hill by a boy, in order to be ready for the uphill run of the following wagons. The National Trust restored it in the 1990s and it can be traversed on foot. R B Schofield in his biography of Benjamin Outram describes the tramway system as being "well ahead of its time" and "a milestone in transport technology and a model for the modern railway systems which followed thirty years later. miles of woodland walks including a new adventure play area for the summer holidays and a Tramway walk. Ultimately, it was finally abandoned in September 1915 when the local industries fell into disuse, partly because the quarries were becoming worked out and the constraints of the First World War had curtailed much of the local trade. Try another destination popular with our guests. My husband and I have recently retired from our own business and decided to alocate Wednesdays as a walking day. Outram was eventually paid a total of 31,164 by March 1805, which was in excess of the original budget but included some additional works that were instructed by the management committee. Close to the village is Calke Abbey, now a National Trust property. Notwithstanding this enthusiasm to proceed, Outram was still insisting on 3rd December that his contract be signed and there were frequent complaints about the delays in receiving regular payments for work done. Why hassle with cash or ticket vending machines? The village has developed with examples of new buildings and renovations. Two horses were required to haul each rake of wagons on the level sections in the south west. DART strives to attract top-quality talent to join our diverse workforce. Tramways previously built by Outram had all been to 3-6 (1066mm) gauge, but it was reasoned that the increased width allowed for more efficient payloads. Dallas, TX 75207, Trinity Overlook Here you get glimpses of Staunton Harold Reservoir before you return to Ticknall. Our doggy was spoilt with biscuits! Great for any fitness level. The National Forest Company was established in April 1995. Construction of the tunnel under the road was by the cut and cover method, in which a broad trench would firstly be dug out. Fork sharp right onto a narrower path right and down some steps to the Mere Pond - a narrow strip of water surrounded by trees. In the app, you can plan trips in real time and buy DART passes. Sleeper blocks can be seen in various places along the route. Great location; lovely room; friendly service and excellent food. After emerging from the tunnel, you enter Ticknall Limeyards, a site of special scientific interest. Easily-accessible paths. The tree-lined drive sets the scene. The committee however, neglected to sign any contractual agreement with Outram and this serious omission was soon to cause significant delays in the completion of the works. Error: WebCheck out this 8.9-km circular trail near Swadlincote, Derbyshire. Calke is not an abbey at all. The National Forest Company leads the creation of the National Forest, a wooded landscape for the nation across 200 square miles of central England. Check the latest COVID-19 restrictions before you travel. Calke Abbey: Local favourite for walks - See 2,597 traveler reviews, 1,683 candid photos, and great deals for Ticknall, UK, at Tripadvisor. This line was isolated from the main Tramway and employed a different type of cast iron rail. The village boasts three pubs, The Wheel, The Staff of Life and the Chequers Inn. Learn about some of the key projects underway that will make DART a viable option for even more North Texans. The tunnel lining itself would then be built in brick and once sufficiently hardened was covered over again, using some of the soil which had been set aside from the earlier excavation. The postcode for sat nav users is DE73 7JW. Graveled bike paths. There were two other tunnels on the line, a short one named Basfords Hill which lies to the south of Ticknall and is 51 yards (47m) long. We have more than 70 million property reviews, and they're all from real, verified guests. A history of mineral working accounts for the 'hobbitesque' appearance of Dimminsdale Nature Reserve. I ate at the Staff of life- fresh and tasty. It is a charity and Non-Profit Institution within the Public Sector, sponsored by the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra). Dimminsdale Nature Reserve We check for naughty words and verify the authenticity of all guest reviews before adding them to our site. Around the villages of Derbyshire, look out for the ancient tradition of well dressing, the decorating of springs and wells the precious sources of life-sustaining water with pictures formed from flowers. Located in the heart of Ticknall, The Staff of Life is a welcoming 4-star country inn, housed in a Grade II Listed building, south of Derby. The gauge was 1.27 m (4 ft 2ins), an increase of203 mm (8 ins) over Outram's earlier tramways because he believed that the additional width would give greater capacity for general freight. The Coach House sits in the heart of a conservation area, close to Donington Park and East Midlands Airport. Almost immediately after this gate turn right to pass through a second small gate which leads you down a slope to the old tramway. The Ashby Canal was first advocated in 1792. If you booked through us and want to leave a review, please sign in first. It reached its heyday in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, when the limeyards and the brickmaking, tile and pottery industries were operating at maximum capacity. Calke Abbey Much of the original route of the line can be readily identified today, especially as some of the original stone setts still survive in situ. Flat and easy paths. WebStarting Point: The walk starts from Ticknall Village Hall car park which is situated just off Ingleby Lane in Ticknall. Whether you are traveling by bus or train, your safety is our number one priority. Set 13 km from Donington Park, the property features a garden and free private parking. Coal was also dug close to the village. Dallas, TX 75207, Continental Avenue Bridge and West Dallas Gateway Great location with walks and bike rides on the door step. About 4 miles. Ticknall is an attractive village that until recently was largely owned by the Calke Abbey estate. There are future plans toconnect this trailto the Santa Fe TrestleTrail near8th Street and Corinth Street once all construction projectsin the areaare completed. In the grounds an old tramway has been converted into a walking and cycleway. Up to a $3,500 sign-on bonus for new bus operators! The magnificent 24-metre Hastings Tower offers panoramic views of the surrounding countryside. Go walking Carvers Rocks Sunday, 6 February 2022 Start time: 10:00 (Estimated finish time: 14:30) Leisurely 7.9 miles / 12.7 km Group Sandwell This is a circular walk starting at the village of Ticknall in Derbyshire, which first of all takes in the beautiful 13th Century Ticknall Church. However, it was operated once every six months in order to retain it as a right of way. Built in 1805, the tunnel was part of the tramway linking the limeworks at Ticknall with the Ashby Canal and was closed in 1915. [4] Several of these unusual pumps still work and are still used by walkers. As the century progressed the freeholders went bankrupt for various reasons while the tenants of the Harpur-Crewe family gave up because of the high rents charged and general mismanagement of the limeyards. Perfect for a late arrival or early departure. DARTs reloadable transit payment card provides a convenient and flexible way to pay your DART fare. On 5th July 1865, another Parliamentary Act was obtained to extend the Midland line westwards, beyond the tunnel towards the town of Ashby De-la-Zouch. Entering costs a fee unless you're a NT member but cyclists have a dispensation to enter and cycle through the grounds for free. On the return journeys, twelve tons of coal or other commodities could be hauled uphill. Dame Catherine Harpur, wife of Sir John Harpur, founded a village school in 1744, to provide free education for the boys and girls of Ticknall and the surrounding parishes. The Trail as mostly surfaced paths, so not Fork left by a white gate, doubling back towards the abbey which appears in a dip ahead. Our first walk took us to Calke Abbey and the Tramway Trail, 6.3 miles through the Calke Estate, mainly on the old tram tracks. Parking and access points are at the following locations: Trammell Crow Park 3700 Sylvan Avenue Walks - you would be able to walk a dog off lead on 70% of the tram walk. St George Ticknall with remains of old church. During the 18th and early 19th centuries, the village was busy with lime quarries and potteries. By road: On A514 is 16km (10 miles) south of Derby and 6.5 km (4 miles) south of the A50. Calke Abbey: Tramway Walk - See 2,572 traveller reviews, 1,635 candid photos, and great deals for Ticknall, UK, at Tripadvisor. 75 miles (120 km) This splendid 75 mile walk runs from the National Memorial Arboretum in Staffordshire to Beacon Hill Country Park in Leicestershire. Designated parking Available in the main car park adjacent to the Ticket Office and at Calke Explore. At the heart of this is Calke Abbey, with its historic parkland and herds of deer. [3] On the lanes throughout the village can be found several water pumps. Built in 1800, in a style typically used on canals, it was part of an old tramway system, which included a tunnel under the main drive to the abbey. Cross over the lane and turn right to walk downhill towards the village. Cross the stile to emerge onto a grassy area with ponds on your left hand side. Cross over the main car park, taking a path on the far side. With peeling paintwork and overgrown courtyards, the National Trust's Calke Abbey tells the dramatic story of the country house estate in decline. (There's an additional fee if you want to go inside the abbey itself, payable at the house). Surviving books of accounts however do not differentiate between receipts from the respective undertakings. Cross over the lane and continue straight ahead down Chapel Street at the end of which walk diagonally to the right across The Green. Manuscripts surviving from 1597 refer to coal haulage as being On our rails and bridges by ourselves, as the cartway is so fowl (sic) as few carriages can pass. The Augustinian order of monks did build one here in 1133 and dedicated it to St Giles, but since 1622 it has been the family home of the Harpurs and Harpur-Crewes. You could join a Ranger or a Deer Park Guide and follow a walk around hidden parts of the Estate. It reaches its highest point on the fields of White Lees. Please enter a valid email address, Thanks! Keeping the two rails to the correct gauge also proved to be problematic, as there were no sleepers or tie rods provided to maintain the rails at the correct gauge. Ashby de la Zouch The natural features of this central English county range from the modest heights of the Peak District National Park, where Kinder Scout stands at 2,088 ft (636 m), to the depths of its remarkable underground caverns, floodlit to reveal exquisite Blue John stone. Please turn on JavaScript and try again. WebTicknall is an attractive village that until recently was largely owned by the Calke Abbey estate. That's how we know our reviews come from real guests who have stayed at the property. A tunnel was built to reach the quarries by taking the tramway under the access road into the Harpur-Crewe estate at Calke Abbey. Here, there would be a physical connection with the existing Coventry Canal. Choose dates. WebTrackbed of the Ticknall tramway - geograph.org.uk - 387479.jpg 640 480; 76 KB Yellow field - geograph.org.uk - 393941.jpg 640 480; 322 KB Young saplings - geograph.org.uk - 387612.jpg 640 480; 104 KB Categories: South Derbyshire District Civil parishes in Derbyshire Villages in Derbyshire Non-topical/index: Uses of Wikidata Infobox No doubt the single track branches were built as such to effect economies, but it was later found necessary to insert no less than 12 passing loops in both branches. There's fallow deer in the woods, as well as barn and tawny owls. Go walking THE TICKNALL TRAMWAY TRAIL Thursday, 3 November 2016 Start time: 10:30 (Estimated finish time: 13:15) Leisurely 5 miles / 8.1 km Group WebFrom Derby Bus Station: Arriva (Route 2) and alight at Ticknall (Calke Abbey Entrance). The Midland intended to lift part of the Tramway and in the process, convert it to a conventional standard gauge railway. Continue through the small gate at the end of the lane and follow the footpath arrows to bear right across the field. Published date: Look out for glorious views across Staunton Harold Reservoir before entering the undulating Calke Uplands where parkland, wooded country estates and large arable fields are prominent in the landscape. Today, Calke Abbey is a National Trust property. The tunnel near the Abbey was restored by the Trust in 1995 and the public can now walk through it. You can also take advantage of fare capping if you register your contactless card or the card associated with your payment app. Steps/uneven terrain A detailed map has survived which shows the locations of the problematic road crossings, of which there were at least 15 and this was where the majority of the rail breakages occurred. Ashby Life is an independently owned local community magazine serving Ashby de la Zouch. The school is now operated as an independent charitable school. Past lots of fascinating old houses and cottages ( not to mention a cafe) and then back into Calke park. Continue southeast along the road, pass Betty's Pond on your left. Additionally, the prevailing necessities of war and the need for scrap metal demanded the removal of the redundant rails for melting down. In addition, several stone blocks from the trackbed are preserved in Leicester at the Newarke Houses Museum. The convergence point was at Ashby Old Parks, near to the village of Smisby. The trail is open year-round and is beautiful to visit anytime. You may like to make a small diversion to explore the ponds before leaving over the stile on the far side of this area. Lovely walks, everyone in the Chequers pub very friendly and lovely warm atmosphere. After viewing the fine house, turn left at the railings. WebIn the summer it would be fun to take the tram one way and hike the other, much of the land is wilderness and beautiful, just make sure the 10,000 elevation at the top is something The route would start from Moira Colliery, just south of Burton on Trent and then reach as far south as Nuneaton. This passes several cottages and meets the A514 to the east of the village. A canal connection had originally been proposed, but this was abandoned because of water supply and cost problems. This was a high-society family, but things started to go wrong in the 1790s when Sir Henry Harpur took a lady's maid as his bride. Situated 35 km from Trent Bridge Cricket Ground, 36 km from Nottingham Castle and 36 km from Drayton Manor Theme Park, The Joiners Shop features accommodation set in Derby. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. Immediately opposite this entrance, take the path up the grassy area on your right up to a gap beside a gate which leads onto the end of Chapel Lane. Ticknall DE73 7LE, England. Go up a tarmac avenue lined with mature lime trees, then at the Middle Lodge Gates, you may have to pay an entrance charge. The National Forest Way takes walkers on a 75-mile journey through a transforming landscape. Featuring a hot tub, The Retreat - UKC3845 is situated in Ticknall. The only way to leave a review is to first make a booking. Ticknall Arch, one of the tramway bridges, crosses the A514 in the centre of the village. Trinity Skyline Trail on the east levee between Commerce Street and the Margaret Hunt Hill Bridge. The rails were cast integrally with upstand flanges forming an L shaped cross section and the wagon wheels were flangeless with flat treads. WebThe Ticknall Tramway was built and opened in 1802, 20 km long at a gauge of 4 ft 2 ins (1.27 m), linking the lime yards and brick works at Ticknall with the Ashby canal and Moira Furnace. Firstly, a public loading wharf was provided at Ticknall in 1823 for general merchandise. Flexible on where to stay? Turn right along a water's-edge path. When the National Trust bought the house in 1985 they found a dust-laden, neglected, but intriguing place, filled with treasures of centuries gone by. In busy times, the average working pattern was two trains in the morning and another two in the afternoon. Cross the road then turn right to enter the magnificent Calke Abbey Estate. The rails were cast at Outram's Butterley foundry and he estimated that they would absorb the full capacity of the works for 15 months. Near the entrance to Calke Abbey is Tramway Bridge, which is now a Grade II listed structure. Part of a 20 km (12.5 miles) network of horse drawn tramways linking Ticknall with the Ashby Canal. WebWe would like to show you a description here but the site wont allow us. Learn more, See the latest prices and deals by choosing your dates. Limestone from Ticknall's brickworks used to be carried by horse-drawn trams to the canal at Willesley. The Ticknall Arch was built by the Ashby Canal Company over 200 years ago, wide enough to accommodate a horse on the tramway footpath. Your current currency is U.S. dollar, Choose your language. Published date: Booking.com. Since the neighbouring Calke Abbey changed its status in 1984 from long-standing private occupation by the Harpur-Crewe family to semi-public administration by the National Trust, much of the village has changed. It was too costly to build the expensive locks that would have been required to bring the canal to Ticknall, so the tramway was constructed as a cheaper alternative. Working for DART is more than a job. WebA walk in Calke Park using part of the Ticknall Tramway route. Fortunately, a significant length of the original earthwork embankment also survives intact between Bryans Coppice and South Wood. The staff was a great place to stay, home cooked food and a big bed and a pleasant surprise of the quality of a dog friendly room!! Burdettes Cottage - 25349, a property with a garden, is located in Willington, 11 km from Donington Park, 34 km from Trent Bridge Cricket Ground, as well as 35 km from Nottingham Castle. This leap in innovation was at Coalbrookdale where the local iron foundry had its own internal Tramway, whose timber rails were being constantly worn out. If it's open, it is well worth a visit to see, among others, the Gold Drawing Room and the 18th-century Chinese silk state bed. He was engaged as an advisor by the managing committee of the Ashby Canal Company and the route was surveyed during January 1799. 2015-2020 City of Dallas - Trinity River Corridor Project. This was supplemented by a third horse on the steep uphill section in the north east, where the load was limited to two wagons. Regrettably, Outram had little time left for him to enjoy his success, as he died aged 41, on 22nd May 1805. Its a calling. Explore career opportunities at DART. This allowed the view of the landscape to revert to its former state and thus the land owner was appeased. Other parts of the tramway can be traced within and to the west of Calke Abbey Park - Amazing Lodge with plenty of space, designed to a fantastic standard absolutely loved our stay. Refreshments Available: The Wheel in Ticknall does excellent meals (booking is advisable) and the village shop and tea rooms offer hot drinks, cake and light refreshments. When they tired of one room, they would just leave it the way it stood and move to another. About 4 miles. Sign up for our newsletters to keep in touch and receive the latest news, information and ways to get involved with the Forest. And you get free parking for your car all day. The Tramway was in use for a little over a century, last used in 1913 and formally closed in 1915. Ticknall was an estate village to Calke Abbey until late in the 20th century. the car park by the gate in the corner which leads back out onto Ingleby Lane. Calke was a grand house with many rooms, and here was a family with money. Leicestershire. This Grade II Listed Structure avoided the tramway having to cross the driveway to the Harpur family residence of Calke Abbey, thus preserving the appearance of the park. Summary of the Ticknock Trail. It operated from 1802 to The village is also home to Ticknall Cricket Club. These sturdy and attractive cast iron devices were introduced into the village around 1914 by Sir Harper Crewe to, what was then, the estate village to provide fresh water. and ideal for walkers. It has the shape of a This entire systemwill also connect to the Find hotels conveniently close to the airport. The National Trust restored it in the 1990s and it can be traversed on foot. Walks - you would be able to walk a dog off lead on 70% of the tram walk. I ate at the Staff of life- fresh and tasty Show more GERALDINE United Kingdom 8.0 The spa town of Matlock is the countys administrative centre and other major towns of interest include Derby and the old coal mining town of Chesterfield, with its crooked spire. In 1829, two additional lines off the Ticknall branch were built to serve another lime pit at Dimminsdale. Calke Abbey: The Tramway Trail - See 2,597 traveler reviews, 1,683 candid photos, and great deals for Ticknall, UK, at Tripadvisor. DARTs GoPass app puts travel tools at your fingertips. The break-up of the former estate has meant the sale of cottages and building land, altering not only the randomness of the architecture, but also the dilution of the former feudal relationship between the villagers and their somewhat reclusive lords of the manor. Calderbank, Gerry, Canal, Coal & Tramway: An Introduction to the Industrial Heritage of Mamble, L C Promotions, ASIN: B0019ZH4XQ (2000), Holt, Geoffrey, The Ticknall Tramway, Ticknall Preservation and Historical Society, ASIN: B001TJP3XU (2002), Schofield, R.B., Benjamin Outram 1764-1805 - An Engineering Biography, Merton Priory Press, ISBN-10: 1898937427 (2000), Stabb, I. Having the means to successfully produce cast iron rails on their own premises, they were found to be suitable and then offered commercially. Although abandoned in 1915, the tramway can still be traced intermittently along its route, which passed through the estate of Calke Abbey where two tunnels were needed. Booking.com is part of Booking Holdings Inc., the world leader in online travel and related services. The iron rails used at Ticknall were only 3-0 long (915mm) and weighed on average 38 pounds (17.3kg) each. Ticknall is a small village and civil parish in South Derbyshire, England. Ashby's fascinating castle, built in the 15th century was mostly destroyed during the Civil War and is now a captivating ruin. Pavaho Wetlands boardwalk is assessible from Trinity Skyline Trail. All rights All walks are checked shortly before publication but please be aware that paths may change over time and with the seasons. Amazing Lodge with plenty of space, designed to a fantastic standard absolutely loved our stay, 1652490|1,1717090,1721070,1720070|1,1652490,1720070. You will pass over a small metal bridge with an information board off to the left of it and a little further on you cross over a beautifully restored old stone bridge. [2]. We've sent you an email so you can complete your subscription, Great location with walks and bike rides on the door step. Ticknall Train WebStarting Point: The walk starts from Ticknall Village Hall car park which is situated just off Ingleby Lane in Ticknall. Copyright 19962023 Cycling Cycle route information Some of the hand brakes on the wagons would have to be pinned down on the descents to prevent runaways. Parking for 25 vehicles at Trammell Crow Park, Trinity Skyline Trail access on the east or west side of the Dallas Levee system, Trinity River bridge crossing located under Sylvan Avenue Bridge for hiking and biking, Parking for 75 vehicles atthe west side of Continental Avenue Bridge and West Dallas Gateway, Visitors can walk up to the West Dallas Gateway and take the ramp down to the floodway to access the trail, Dallas Floodway access is not available on the east side of the Continental Avenue Bridge at this time, Visitors to the area may enjoy spectacular views from the overlook and learn about the Trinity Lakes area through the informative signage, Access the Trinity Skyline Trail by walking down the ramp to the Dallas Floodway. He found it to vary in places from 7-1 (2.2m) to 12-1 (3.7m) wide and 6-9 (2.05m) to 7-8 (2.3m) high. In 1951, Charles E. Lee the noted railway historian, accurately measured the inside bore of the Calke Abbey tunnel. After a stile, continue on the right edge of another field to the edge of some woods on the far side. Small donation for our work/insurance. Turn left and follow the track down to reach the main road through Ticknall. WebA walk in Calke Park using part of the Ticknall Tramway route. We then join the Ticknall Tramway Trail and follow it around the perimeter of Calke Park, with a diversion to the Staff of Life pub at lunch time. Elsewhere, browse Ashby's farmers' market and independent shops, and visit the town's intriguing museum to discover where the 'de-la-Zouch' in its name came from. For a more detailed map you are recommended to refer to Go through a wooden gate and then underneath a stone archway before arriving at a narrow gap by a rocky outcrop with a stile on your left. A three mile Tramway from the canal at Moria northwards towards Swadlincote was opened on 21st July 1827 at a cost of 4,262 to serve collieries and potteries in the district. The walk heads to Dimminsdale Woods to see the snowdrops, and then follows surfaced paths into Calke Park for the coffee stop. The Midland Railway under its Chairman George Hudson, obtained an Act of Parliament on 16th July 1846 in order to acquire the interests of the Ashby Canal Co. and with it, the Tramway for 110,000. Early land transportation in the British Isles developed as a means for the efficient conveyance of commodities and progressed in parallel with technical innovations in construction. Boasting a hot tub, The Continent is set in Melbourne. Now, this bridge is a Grade 2 Listed structure and is considered to be one of the oldest surviving railway arches in the world. At this date however, the rails referred to would have been hardwood timber battens, as the first cast iron rails did not evolve until around 1767. Located 30 km from Trent Bridge Cricket Ground, 31 km from Nottingham Castle and 31 km from National Ice Centre, Olive Lodge features accommodation situated in Melbourne. Ashby was the setting for the famous jousting scene in Sir Walter Scott's classic romance Ivanhoe. The Nunnery Colliery in Sheffield also had similar Tramways, both underground and on the surface as from 1776. The Butterley Iron Company built the wagons or tubs to their own standard design, having a wooden body with an end door hinged at the top, for discharging the load by tipping. [1] Situated on the A514 road, close to Melbourne, it has three pubs, several small businesses, and a primary school. Each stone block had a pocket dug into the ground with a bedding of shingle added to allow for adjustment. To mitigate the breakages, bylaws instructed that No loaded wagon driven off any of the said railways shall be suffered to return thereon over the flanches (sic) of the rails, without the same being first unladen. This required the original tunnel at Ashby Old Parks to be opened out to suit the increased loading gauge and the length at the south end was reduced by 139 yards (128m). Ticknall is an interesting village. WebTicknall lime quarry tunnel Tramway Tunnel loop from Ticknall Easy 01:10 4.49 km 3.9 km/h 20 m 20 m Easy hike. However, a single wagon was run empty in a return trip once every six months in order to keep the route viable. This path always makes me think of Lord of the Rings as you can definitely imagine hobbits, elves and goblins living among the ferns, rocks and hanging creepers! This included experimental railway bridge building and teaching railway operating personnel. The photograph was taken during the period when the line was not in revenue service. The site has its origins as an Augustine priory in the 12th century and the present building dates from the 18th century. This tunnel was always troublesome, owing to it being built under a pond which constantly leaked into the tunnel. Enjoy distant views across connected new Forest plantations including Alistair's, Bignall's & Jaguar Lount Woods. South of Old Parks, the tramway was replaced by a standard gauge railway in 1874 and is less traceable. The Ticknall Tramway, with a wagon passing through a weighbridge, circa 1913. Level access to shop The floor is even and the entrance is through the restaurant.

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