Kirwan, J.L. The soft rock is less resistant than the hard rock so it is eroded faster. This all takes place within a small segment of the land/ocean interface known as the coast. Usually, concordant coastlines have the same type of rock along its length. Play Well-developed jointing and bedding can create steep, angular cliff faces with flat tops. The four different ways that waves and tides erode the coast are indicated below: Hydraulic action: Air becomes trapped in joints and cracks in the cliff face. Concordant coasts have alternating layers of hard and soft rock that run parallel to the coast. Sub-aerial processes include weathering and mass movement. Geography Revision. Geological structures are responsible for the formation of: - Concordant Coastlines : where beds, layers and rocks are folded into ridges that run parallel to the coast. It is worth remembering that the landscape will be influenced by processes on the land as well as the sea. What are the causes of deforestation in the Amazon? Freeze-defrost weathering splits up rock as water freezes in breaks. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. ,)u/u0g=.1 R/det:2H)cA1~a{RV~i.K&olQm {Y8B'AaxLx`S%yF%Vviee97!=2wO#6OvQvgP2(P>t*fBWCR The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". How important are water and carbon to life on Earth? The three main marine processes that influence coastlines are erosion, transportation, and deposition. On a discordant coastline, alternating layers of hard and soft rock are perpendicular to the coast. If the rocks occur in layers, the dip of the rock also helps control steepness and form. _}qK>_*uz/]jO+NAU}r In this case, Portland limestone has been eroded at several points, allowing the underlying sandstone mud to easily erode into a cove. Tunisia Case Study. The material can come from cliffs made of chalk or limestone, and calcium carbonate is carried along in the mixture. High energy coasts Waves are powerful (for a significant part of the year) The rate of erosion exceeds the rate of deposition What can you say about the possible values of \ell ? The larger the fetch, the longer the time the wind has to affect the waves, resulting in larger waves. With the beach gone, a storm during a high tide breached the coastal defences and destroyed the village., In this arrangement, differential erosion will take place where weaknesses from weathering have formed., Site design and development by Alex Jackson. What are the effects of economic development in Nigeria on quality of life? What are active, dormant and extinct volcanoes? Why are deserts located along the tropics? These processes form part of the coastal erosion process. The sea cliff is the main landform along coasts where marine erosion is dominant. clays and sands) have less structural, strength and are eroded easily, producing a lower cliff profile with mudslides and slumping. As the cliff collapses a layer of flat rock is left behind called awave cut platform. qcq%wFn+=#+ 0uEOr*cy_5{Lx_v @ @Me[k:]'fhk The site is self-funded and your support is really appreciated. Each coast is unique in its location and set of functions. Human and physical factors causing river flooding. A cliff with landward dipping bedding planes. Over time cliffs retreat due to a combination of sub-aerial weathering and coastal erosion. Tides are a significant factor in thinking about coastal processes, as their communication with the coastal environment, to a considerable degree, decides the location of numerous coastal landforms. Folded rocks: Often heavily fissured and jointed, meaning they are more easily eroded. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); Cliffs and wave-cut platforms are landforms of erosion commonly found along the coast. Approximately 3 miles (5kms) of land . Computer Science Castleton A tourist honey pot in The Peak District, Case Study Inner City Redevelopment Londons Docklands. "Coastal Systems and Processes". We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. A discordant coastline. Where there is limited vegetation to bind the soil together and the ground is very saturated heavy rain can produce sheet flow over the upper cliff surface. Leads to slumping in unconsolidated material and sliding in consolidated strata - producing a complex cliff profile. Geography Revision. ;mmM[~yS4iVFmU7V[GKxs?/[2Fzl;]m.rUZ[oE8XeS mGCfg;%'I.keutcjcK8s-9cVbbgar5^Z}dUb6FCYwzJi56"tG~Qj%%'(&RZM!>&;i6";L cyDp>{wE&DOa7kCk36ldMi$g=Z}V&Mqbf["8/OEw8b+j3L=~reV\[:Kmc2q>OMl1^K +GBxD; IN]S~D?{.Ro These are determined by geology, rates of erosion and beach profile. How have plants adapted to cold environments? At nearby Lulworth Cove, bays and coves can appear on concordant coasts when weak points in the resistant rock occur. +0}>]zg~Iby>pUJ">_uo:SwX3 How do weather and climate affect river landscapes? The hard rock acts as a protective barrier to the softer rock behind it preventing erosion. They can be quick occasions, for example, avalanches and rockfalls or they can be moderate processes, soil creeps. This then creates a slip plane. What are the main hazards generated by volcanic activity? 4 Rock falls are a very sudden type of mass movement. Chemical weathering happens because of a weak chemical reaction between water and rocke.g. For example, this could be a joint in chalk. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. It is caused by a combination of marine processes and precipitation. What are the economic and environmental issues of energy production? Why do people choose to live in tectonically active locations? The coastline is constantly eroding. Some well-jointed but more resistant limestone rocks develop overhangs. Longer fetches & stronger winds create bigger, more powerful waves that have more erosive power. Large seas with large fetch produce large waves, known as destructive waves. Understanding these interactions can be challenging, but by using a systematic approach to geological reasoning, it is possible to gain a deeper understanding of how coastal forms develop and how these processes continuously shape them. A cliff profile is the height and angle of a cliff face, plus its features such as wave-cut notches or changes in slope angle. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". Other shapes, such as (B), may be more susceptible to erosion. Coastal erosion involves the breaking down and removal of material along a coastline by the movement of wind & water. Soft rocks (e.g., Limestone) are more susceptible to weathering & erosion so a coastline made of chalk (e.g., Dorset) will change relatively quickly. Rock that has been uplifted with its bedding planes tilted downwards away from the coast (D) creates a relatively stable cliff shape. Erosion refers to the breaking down of land by the power of waves. Mudflows occur on very steep slopes along the coastline. How does flooding affect humans and the environment? Pore water pressure in the saturated layer pushes rock particles apart. WJEC A Level GeographyPast Papers, AQA GCSE Geography Past Papers For example: If less resistant, weak rock is at the base of the cliff, undercutting and collapse may occur. Accessed on May 1, 2023. https://geography-revision.co.uk/a-level/physical/coastal-systems-and-processes/. What is the impact of humans on the temperate deciduous woodland? The Holderness Coast is located on the east coast of England. The counterargument is that the water the material is dissolved into moves, removing the material. The sea attacks a weakness in the base of the cliff. The rapid removal of debris by high energy waves prevents the build up of material at the base,. When the roof of the arch collapses a stack is formed(see image below). The basic formation of a sea cliff is the same everywhere. What is the location and importance of Mumbai? d.E It is believed that there are 11 large sediment cells in England and Wales (right). Tides are brought about by the gravitational draw of the moon and, to a lesser degree, the sun. Coastal cliffs in high latitudes are also characterized by relatively low gradients since the per glacial processes produce large amounts of cliff base materials. A cliff with seaward dipping bedding planes. Weak tidal flows and a small tidal range will decide the shape and degree of stream deltas just as the size of seashore profiles. A cliff is a vertical, near vertical or sloping wall of rock or sediment that borders the sea. Find out about the process of longshore drift. Reduces friction between grains in unconsolidated material. The state and direction of the coastline in relation to approaching waves is also an important factor to consider. Where there are rocks containing iron oxidation can occur, causing it to rust. Droops happen because of a mix of components. Now and again, along concordant coasts, they occur when a much-jointed area of a precipice, for example, experiences a line of weakness or fault due to exposure. Where are the areas of water deficit and surplus in the UK? What controls the location of micro-features found within cliffs? How to conserve biodiversity in daily life? What is the value of the tropical rainforest? Less resistant (soft) rock erodes quickly, forming gentle sloping cliffs. By clicking Accept, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. Cliff profiles are influenced by geology. Edexcel A Level Geography This process can be found in the chart below. These coasts are drift-aligned and associated with the longshore transportation of sediment. A-level Biology, AQA GCSE Geography Create your own unique website with customizable templates. History Bays and headlands along a discordant coastline. An idealised horizontally bedded cliff. Hard rocks erode and weather slowly, and the less fractured the rock is, the better it will resist breaking down. The process is illustrated in the diagram below. They generally differ in their angle of slope because of their rock structure and geology, but the processes involved in their formation are the same. Vertical or near-vertical profile with notches reflecting strata that are more easily eroded. Where the coasts has the same type of rock along its length fewer bays and headlands are formed as the rate of erosion tends to be similar. It is inevitable that some sediment is moved between cells. Edexcel A Level Geography Past Papers Wave action and weathering create a notch at the high water mark. English: habitational name from any of numerous places called Cliff (e) Cle (e)ve or Clive from Old English clif 'slope bank cliff' or a topographic name from the same word. Where are Temperate Deciduous Woodlands Located? ubricates lines of weakness, e.g. What are shanty town improvement schemes? Firstly, marine processes erode and undermine the base of the cliff. See image below for an example of a low cliff on the Suffolk coast. How do folded rocks influence cliff profiles and rates of erosion? Cliff profiles are influenced by a range of factors. It tends to be separated into mechanical and chemical weathering. One activity, dredging, is commonly carried out to improve shipping capacities but it reduces the amount of energy dissipated from incoming waves and so increases erosion2. For example, repeated freezing and thawing of water in rock cracks weakens the rock. Sandy beaches, shingle beaches and spits are examples of depositional landforms. with limestone. Cracks are regularly formed in more resistant rock that forms headlands. 3.1B Transport Technology and Globalisation, 3.2 Political and Economic Decision Making, 7C Economic Development and Environmental Impact, 8B Controlling the Spread of Globlisation, 4A.1B Economic Activity and Social Factors, 4A.1A Changing Function and Characteristics, 4A.6 Evaluating the need for Regeneration, 6C Representation and Need for Regeneration, 10A Measuring the Success of Regeneration, 12A Restructuring and Contested Decisions, 7.5 Superpowers and International Decision Making, 7.6 Superpowers and the Physical Environment, 7.6C Middle-Class Consumption on Emerging Powers, 7.8A Emerging Powers and the Developing World, 8.2 Variations in Health and Life Expectancy, 8.3A The relationship between economic and social development, 8.5A Human Rights Vs Economic Development, 8.8 the Positive and Negative of Development, 2B.2C Geological Structure and Cliff Profiles, 2B.3B Rock Strata and Complex Cliff Profiles, 4C Coastal Landscapes Produced by Erosion, 8C Temporal Variations in Coastal Recession, 9A Local Factors that Increase Coastal Flood Risk, A - Economic and Social Losses from Recession, 2B: 12 Integrated Coastal Zone Management, 1B Importance and Size of Stores and Fluxes, 5.4 Deficits within the Hydrological Cycle, 5.8 Consequences and Risks of Water Insecurity, 8A - Causes and Pattern of Physical and Economic Scarcity, 5.9C Integrated Drainage Basin Management, 6.1C - Geological Processes Releasing Carbon, 6.2 Biological Processes Sequestering Carbon, 6.3 Human Activity Altering the Carbon Cycle, 6.6C Radical Technologies to Reduce Carbon Emissions, 6.7 Human Activity Threatening the Carbon and Water Cycles. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". On the other hand, bedding planes that tilt upwards (C) have a cliff shape that mirrors the angle of the tilt. 16-18 Geography Coasts High energy coasts Method Data Presentation Data Analysis Different stretches of the coastline can be put into two different categories: high energy coasts and low energy coasts. How has hot desert vegetation adapted to the climate? Micro-features are small-scale coastal features such as caves and wave-cut notches which form part of a cliff profile. As always, humans have an impact on coastal erosion. Steep cliffs are formed where the land consists of hard, more resistant, rocks, their height obviously being determined by the difference between the sea level and the level of the land. These beds are subjected to tectonic forces that tilt and deform them so they dip at an angle. How has urbanisation helped Nigeria to develop? What are the effects of deforestation in the Amazon? Freeze-thaw weathering, for example, creates cracks in rocks, increasing the rocks susceptibility to hydraulic action. Beds that dip seaward produce gentler cliffs but are less stable because loose material can slide down the bedding planes in mass movements. They occur in most rocks, often in regular patterns, dividing rock strata up into blocks with a regular shape. k|CN2[>u6/9v}^}_iq>D\"q|}&~=:7";Zn>v6GvAtl|XHAeMcb9) @s"&H:X07]M3=Mi What problems are caused by global warming? How does geology affect the formation of river landforms? Edexcel GCSE Geography Past Papers Waves attack the base of the newly exposed rock faces. Whereas, cliffs in which permeable rock overlies impermeable rock, water may soak into the cliff, making slope failure more likely as water builds up between the junction of the two rocks. Y>SZ 3475A[k'UViv=3VGa,+g3?gf+,w{1Jrl|:Q@3^JmQa3;x9Ik&kr'\pS7uO)&;ZNWuIts|Kb9}WOdtpE{zBf`^qulCa6Wm &L5-;=i`6` )r]tt$xOZh{S2U6. Can the risks of volcanic eruptions be reduced? Over time thewave-cut notchwill develop into a cave. A tectonic feature of sedimentary rocks meaning the angle of rock strata in relation to the horizontal, Vertical or near vertical profile with notches reflecting strata that are more easily eroded, Sloping low angle profile with one rock layer facing the sea; vulnerable to rock slides down the dip slope, Profile may exceed 90 producing areas of overhanging rock; very vulnerable to rock falls, Steep profiles on 70-80 and producing a very stable cliff with reduced rock falls. What is the impact of humans on the savanna? The angle the beds dip at affects how they are eroded and the profile of the resulting cliffs. Coastal environments are complex systems that involve the interaction of various factors, including the marine environment, natural environment, climate, biosphere, fluvial frameworks, structural processes, and human development and management. What two geology characteristics are dominant in influencing cliff profiles? What are the physical characteristics of cold environments? Mechanical weathering alludes to physical processes like freeze-defrost activity and natural weathering. Influence on the Natural Greenhouse Effect. The processes of erosion, transportation, and deposition within the coastal zone are largely contained within sediment cells or littoral cells. Cliff morphology also is influenced by the permeability of a rock. Where the cave erodes through the headland an arch is formed (see image below). Distribution of earthquakes and volcanoes, Effects of earthquakes and volcanoes on people and the environment, Reducing the impacts of earthquakes and volcanoes, Population and settlement iGCSE Geography, The main causes of a change in population size, A country with a rate of high population growth China, A country which is over-populated Bangladesh, A country which is under-populated Australia, A country with a low rate of population growth or decline Japan. The weight of the saturated clay causes the material to slump along the slip plane. It is arguable that corrosion is a form of weathering rather than erosion as it only breaks down material. Why is the weather of the UK so changeable? In general, cliffs increase in height over time as the coast is eroded back. In small areas of sea or coastlines that are protected by seaward barriers or islands, prevailing winds do not affect wind direction; thus, waves approaching the coast are parallel to the shore, known as swash-aligned. Marine processes disintegrate and undermine the base of the precipice. One component that can be considered in the rate of coastal recession and the stability of cliffs, is cliff profiles and their bedding planes. A tectonic feature of sedimentary rocks meaning the angle of rock strata in relation to the horizontal What is a horizontal dip? Geography Revision, https://geography-revision.co.uk/a-level/physical/coastal-systems-and-processes/. Headlands and bays can form on concordant coastlines too, as has happened with Lulworth Cove, but this requires the rock to have already been weakened, possibly during an ice age. The location of faults and strata with particularly high densities of joints and fissures, Either side of a fault line, rocks are often heavily fractured and broken and these weaknesses are exploited to marine erosion, They occur in most rocks, often in regular patterns, dividing rock strata up into blocks with a regular shape, Small cracks in rocks, often between a few cm and a few mm long. Where cliffs are made from more resistant rock, wave-cut platforms are often formed. Therefore the topographic profile in Figure 3.6 represents a profile of the map surface (along the A-B line) that has been vertically exaggerated by 10 times . How has demand for water in the UK changed? Cliff profiles are influenced by geology, especially the resistance (to erosion) of the rock, and the dip of rock strata in relation to the coastline. Loose material can slide down the bedding planes making the cliff unstable & dangerous. 8G@3q~L S "&b 9j3)l%-j93E9s2]rJI7 _-BeE%VamCh)M3E9#XsXx Erosion rates will be slowed as deeper layers of rock support the cliff. Solution: Weak acids present in ocean water can dissolve certain types of rock, such as chalk or limestone. Another sub-aerial process is called mass movement. Cliffs and wave cut platforms Cliffs are common features of coastal environments. The bay in front of the town was dredged resulting in the beach all but disappearing over a year. What geological features influence cliff profiles and rates of erosion? Over time, they wear down the cliff surface like sandpaper. The angle these bands make with the coastline makes it either a concordant or discordant coastline. Profile may exceed 90 degrees producing areas of overhanging rock; very vulnerable to rock falls. Weaker rocks (e.g. A case study of a sparsely populated area Himalayan Mountains, A case study of a densely populated area Greater London. When a wave breaks, the trapped air is compressed, which weakens the cliff and causes erosion. This leaves a wave-cut platform. Water quality and pollution management in the UK. Jamaica Case Study, How can the growth of tourism reduce the development gap? As well as this rock structure plays an important role in variation between cliff profiles: Many cliffs are composed of more than one rock type - these are known as COMPOSITE CLIFFS. The wave cut platform at Selwicks Bay, Flamborough. CIE iGCSE Geography Past Papers Broadly there are two aspects of a cliff to consider: the cliff profile (a vertical cross-section) and the cliff plan (the shape of the cliff when viewed from the air). The image below shows this. This expels the base of the cliff. A spring will form on the cliff face at the top of the saturated layer. 2 Q Cliff profiles are influenced by geology. Human activities have a variety of complex effects on coastal erosion but most commonly the activities increase the strength of waves. w=nRTlnV2nbV1nb+an2(V11V21). Near vertical beds (with a dip of ~90) also produce steep cliffs but differential erosion is less prevalent3 in these structures. This can alter the arrangement of layers in cliff shapes. Concordant (rock type runs parallel to the sea). What is the impact of humans on the Taiga? Abrasion: Pieces of rock and sand in waves are thrown against the cliff face. OCR GCSE Geography, AQA A Level Geography For example: cliffs which have impermeable rock overlying permeable rocks limit percolation and therefore are more stable, preventing mass movement. What is the location and importance of Rio de Janeiro? We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. Chalk rocks tend to form vertical cliffs sometimes of great height (up to 50 metres). A cliff profile is a cross section of the cliff from mean low water mark to the top of the cliff. Concordant coastlines tend to have fewer bays and headlands. Small seas with small fetch create constructive waves. Where are polar and tundra environments located? The material from the collapsed cliff face is eroded and transported away. The Holderness Coastline is one of Europe's fastest eroding at an average annual rate of around 2 metres per year. gas (Equation 5.425.425.42 ) from an initial volume V1V_1V1 to a final volume V2V_2V2 is given by, w=nRTlnV1nbV2nb+an2(1V11V2)w=n R T \ln \frac{V_1-n b}{V_2-n b}+a n^2\left(\frac{1}{V_1}-\frac{1}{V_2}\right) The biggest factor affecting coastal erosion is the strength of the waves breaking along the coastline. In general, cliffs increase in height over time as the coast is eroded back. Eventually, the weight of the unsupported cliff will cause it to collapse. These beds are subjected to tectonic forces that tilt and deform them so they dip at an angle. In these cases, the bedding planes are tilted away, causing a gravitational pull on the rock. The sea attacks a weakness in the base of the cliff. How does food insecurity affect the environment? Fissures: Much smaller cracks in rocks, often only a few centimeters or millimeters long but they also represent weaknesses that erosion can exploit. -Cliff features mainly form from the erosion at the foot of a cliff, with waves weakening the cliff structure leading to features to form such as wave cut notches which then as waves continue to exert force against the cliff can then develop into a cave before then forming the arch, stack, stump sequence. It does not store any personal data. iay`m}! The distance and angle information for each facet of the cliff can be plotted by hand. Cliff form can also be related to latitude. This happens as waves store salt crystals in cracks and after some time the salt-like ice applies strain to the cracks. These processes operate on the cliff face to weaken it and provide material for coastal erosion. What are Mumbais social and economic opportunities? Compared to cliffs with seaward dipping bedding planes, it is relatively steep and stable. These waves have high heights and short lengths and are characterized as big breakers that have high downward force and strong backwash. How can the impacts of climate change be managed? A cliff profile is the height and angle is a cliff face, plus it's features such as wave cut notches and changes in slope angle. Waves tend to break earlier before they can erode the base of the cliff. How do faults influence cliff profiles and rates of erosion? It produces sloping cliffs between 5 and 20metre high. This creates acove, a circular area of water with a relatively narrow entrance from the sea. these are rocks containing voids called pores, for example chalk and poorly cemented sandstones, they have numerous joints (e.g. You should really enable it for this site but most things should work without it. A The resistance to erosion of the rock. What factors affect population density and distribution? ]X^`T\lq\v7bf_l*Fk?]>1-qne Uw[L6n h]NP?cSc78]-[YH477@=N1l}#6Gww|[ Wave action and weathering create a notch at the high water mark. Sub-aerial processes additionally help the pace of erosion of coasts. Constructive waves have low wave height and high frequency with low frequency, between 6 and 8 waves per minute. chalk, limestone) erode more slowly. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. The soil continues to be lubricated and it eventually flows over the cliff face and down onto the shore at a fast speed. Fetch This is how far the waves have travelled. This all takes place within a small segment of the land/ocean interface known as . Rainwater infiltrates the cliff through unconsolidated, porous material (e.g. The coast is the narrow zone between the land and the sea. Mudflows. Cliffs are shaped through erosion and weathering. The angle the beds dip at affects how they are eroded and the profile of the resulting cliffs. water percolating comes into contact with a large surface area that can be chemically weathered. Its profile is steep but the softer (lighter in colour) rock has undergone differential erosion producing several notches. If the bedding planes are horizontal (A) then the cliff . Irrespective of whether the coastline is concordant or discordant, as wave refraction takes place around the headlands and erosion of the bay is reduced, sub-aerial weathering such as corrosion and corrasion begins to weather the bay, furthering its development. Melting of ice sheets + caps meant wave energy actions occur higher up the shore and cliff and beach profiles adjust as a result. Confined storms with high wind speeds form destructive waves and steep depth gradients around headlands. Chalk surrounds the boulder clay. Attrition: Waves crush rocks and stones on the shore against each other, causing them to break and become smaller and smoother. Sloping, low-angle profile with one rock layer facing the sea; vulnerable to rock slides down the dip slope. WJEC GCSE Geography Past Papers, The essentials of coastal systems and processes, Geography Cliff Profiles and Bedding Planes, Constructive and destructive wave illustration. Joints Joints are fractures in rocks created without displacement. CIE A Level Geography Past Papers Since calcium bicarbonate is soluble in water, the limestone successfully gets weathered when carbonation happens. Extreme weather in the UK Beast from the East, Extreme Weather in the UK Summer Heatwave 2018. The current cannot keep larger and heavier sediment suspended above water for extended periods. If the less resistant rock is near the top of the cliff, it may be subjected to sub-aerial processes. Each coastline has its own balance and equilibrium of erosion, transportation, and deposition, which is affected by various interactions. What is the difference between a tornado and a hurricane? How has the growth of Lagos caused inequality? This is because the waves have further to travel in very shallow water as the platform grows. The softer clay of Swanage has eroded much faster to form the cove. Although you may be able to measure the height and depth of a wave-cut notch (if present), do not attempt to climb cliffs directly How have animals adapted to cold environments? The spring tide occurs twice in a lunar cycle and expands the tidal range by uplifting the elevated tide imprint and bringing down the low tide mark. They generally differ in their angle of slope because of their rock structure and geology, but the processes involved in their formation are the same. View the coasts menu. What challenges are associated with the growth of Rio? Natural weathering is brought about by the underlying foundations of vegetation and settling birds. Coastal environments are complex systems that involve the interaction of various factors, including the marine environment, natural environment, climate, biosphere, fluvial frameworks, structural processes, and human development and management. How is demand for energy changing in the UK? What factors influence the effects and response to tectonic activity? The ice applies pressure and breaks the stone. Sometimes the outer hard rock is punctured, allowing the sea to erode the softer rocks behind. There is a range of landforms of erosion found along the coast. In the tropics, low wave energy levels and high rates of chemical weathering produce low gradient casts. The load is not visible. This is around 2 million tonnes of material every year. The composition of rock determines the differential rates of erosion, as seen in Swanage, along the Dorset coast. Processes and pathways of the water cycle, Processes and pathways of the carbon cycle, Changes in the carbon cycle: physical causes, Changes in the carbon cycle: Human causes, Erosion, transportation and deposition & Hjulstrm Curve, Plate tectonics theory, convection currents and sea-floor spreading, Measuring and Assessing Volcanic Activity. Often produce straighter coastlines. Constructive waves are associated with weak discharge and strong swash, which develops deep-level shorelines, and are therefore more associated with coastlines of deposition.
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