what is intra row spacing in agriculture

Fruit diameter was significantly (<0.05) affected (<0.01) by the main effect of interrow and intrarow spacing (Table 1), whereas the interaction effect of intra- and interrow spacing was not significant. Using narrow row spacing did not compromise maize yields throughout the trials and for both tillage practices at Buffelsvallei, which is always the case when plants are planted closely ( Graph 2a ). Copyright 2020 Getachew Amare and Hailay Gebremedhin. At present, mung bean cultivation spreads widely in Africa, South America, Australia and in many Asian countries [3]. (2023 Helpful Guide). For more information on row spacing, check out UGA Extensions free publication on Home Gardening at http://t.uga.edu/ex. Precision agriculture has emerged as an approach to apply inputs at the right place and rate in the field, and as close as possible to the optimum crop growth stage. Row spacing (along with seeding rate) determines the crop arrangement in a field, altering how fast the crop canopy closes (leaves from adjoining rows begin overlapping) and the ways in which weeds grow between crop rows. Ogundare et al. (Best 2023 Explanation). Agronomy Journal 95:564-573. 2010;4:618596. Mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) is one of the most important pulse crops, grown from tropical to subtropical areas around the world [1]. One medium ripe tomato (145 grams) can provide up to 40% of the Recommended Daily Allowance of vitamin C and 20% of vitamin A [3]. While narrow rows can improve weed management, some diseases are favored by narrow rows because the soybean foliage and soil surface remains wet for longer periods of time. thesis presented to Haramaya University, Ethiopia; 2003. By using this website, you agree to our What does intra row mean? As demand for organic food continues to rise, organic agriculture has attracted both longtime producers and new farmers into the industry. Seed spacing Medium: In two rows of 2, plant four seeds or plants per square foot. The grain contains 24.2% protein, 1.3% fat and 60.4% carbohydrate [6]. Ihsanullah F, Taj H, Akbar H, Basir A, Noor U. However, planting distance had shown no remarkable effect on primary branches of the tomato variety Weyno in the current experiment. Nitrogen rate and plant population effects on yield and yield components in soybean. The highest number of unmarketable and marketable fruit was recorded from a closer spacing of 60cm followed by 80cm interrow spacing with no significant difference in between. Factorial combinations of four inter-rows (20, 30, 40 and 50cm) and three intra-rows (5, 10 and 15cm) spacing were laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Therefore we can use the equation for equidistant spacing to determine the theoretically optimum row spacing. As shown in Table 1, interrow spacing significantly (<0.05) affected the number of marketable and unmarketable fruit yield, whereas the main effect of intrarow spacing and its interaction with interrow was not significant (>0.05). In bananas, both single and multiple row arrangements are practiced. Growers also may use wider rows when they expect wet conditions at or around planting time. Mung bean is utilized in several ways; seeds, sprouts and young pods are all consumed and provide a rich source of amino acids, vitamins and minerals [5]. However, the wider row and plant spacing (45 x 30cm) displayed early maturity (147.80 days). [23] also reported that highest fruit length was recorded from a wider spacing of 7560cm than closer spacing. Moreover, the interaction effect of intra- and inter-row spacing effect on harvest index was significant (P<0.05) (Table1). Agronomy Journal 103:123-128. thesis presented to Haramaya University, Ethiopia; 2011. However, the production and productivity were affected by poor nutrition and fertilizer management, inappropriate interrow spacings, and the poor genetic makeup of the crops in Ethiopia. It has an average annual rainfall of 1007mm, with short rain between March and April and long rain between June and September and annual mean minimum and maximum temperatures of 16.5 and 31C, respectively [11]. The longest days to 50% flowering (39.86) were recorded at wider (15cm) intra-row spacing, while the shortest (37.75) were recorded at narrow (5cm) intra-row spacing (Table2). This could be the reason for the nonsignificant result obtained in this planting distance. 917923, 2007. [20] reported that fruit diameter was not significantly affected by inter- and intrarow spacing. Gondar Agricultural Research Center, P.O. Intrarow spacing and interrow spacing had shown nonsignificant (>0.05) effects on days to 50% flowering of tomato under Shewarobit condition (Table 2). Plant height (cm): the plant height was measured from the base of the plants to the terminal growing point of the main stem at the end of the third harvest. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. In addition, wheat yield was considerably greater in the narrower row treatments (Fahad 2015). J. K. Kirimi, F. M. Itulya, and V. N. Mwaja, Effects of nitrogen and spacing on fruit yield of tomato, African Journal of Horticultural Science, vol. Results from the analysis of variance showed that both the main effect and their interaction effect of inter- and intra-row spacing were highly significant (P<0.01) on the number of branches per plant at Metema site two (Table4), whereas, at site one, the main effect was significant (P<0.01), while their interaction had no significant effect on the number of branches per plant (Table4). This system of planting arrangement is likewise common in coconut farms where fruit trees like durian, lanzones, and mangosteen are grown in single rows between coconut. All About Tractor Fuel Usage: Whats the Best Solution? The treatment comprises of three intrarow spacing (20, 30, and 40 cm) and four interrow spacing (60, 80, 100 . Jha, P., Kumar, V., Godara, R., Chauhanc, B., (2017) Weed management using crop competition in the United States: A review. Multiply the distance between the trees and the rows of trees to determine the square feet of space allowed for each tree in the woodlot. While narrow row spacing can reduce CPWC, it can sometimes reduce yield if plants are spaced too closely together due to competition between the crop plants themselves. The authors declare that they have no competing interests. In contrast to this result, other researchers reported that higher number of marketable and unmarketable fruits was obtained in wider plant spacing [4, 17]. The study was conducted in 2017 main cropping season at two locations in North Gondar Zone, Ethiopia, to determine the optimum inter- and intra-row spacing of mung bean for maximum yield and yield components. You still need to control the weeds with tilling and hoeing early in the season. High unmarketable fruit yield was recorded from closer spacing. Precision agriculture has emerged as an approach to apply inputs at the right place and rate in the field, and as close as possible to the optimum crop growth stage. The highest harvest index (62%) was obtained at interaction of (5010) cm followed by (5015) cm spacing, while the lowest (28% and 33%) harvest index was obtained at interaction of (205) and (305)cm, respectively (Table8). On some farms, the intercrop consists of multiple rows of such crops as coffee, cacao, and banana. Effect of N fertilizer and plant density on yield, seed quality, and oil content of soybean (Glycine max L. Merr) at Hawassa, southern Ethiopia. Number of primary branches per plant: the number of primary branches of randomly selected 10 plants from each plot was recorded. In some cases, multiple postemergence herbicide treatments are not needed due to the weed suppression caused by soybean competition. Farmers may have the opportunity to decrease seed and labor cost and to increase mung bean yield and ultimately improve their livelihoods through adopting the appropriate management practices. Explanation: [16] who indicated that higher number of marketable fruits is obtained on closer spacing. With regard to the effects of intra-row spacing, the maximum plant height (80.43 cm) was recorded at narrow intra-row spacing of 5 cm (Table 2 ). This study provides evidence that inter- and intra-row spacing has influence on the phenology, growth, yield and yield components of mung bean. Gebre Wedajo. The high number of plants per unit area increased flower clusters which increased number of fruits. All Rights Reserved. Am J Agric Biol Sci. 33, pp. 2007;33(1):6974. Animal and Plant Health Regulatory Directorate, Issue No. Planting tomato in closer interrow spacing (60cm) resulted in 50% yield increment than the widest (120cm) space between rows. In multiple cropping byintercropping, the intercrop can be planted in any of the following ways: (Abellanosa AL, HM Pava. 70, no. Paul Pugliese is the Agriculture and Natural Resources agent for the University of Georgia Extension office in Bartow County. Bagavathiannan, M.V., Norsworthy, J.K., Smith, K.L., Neve, P. (2011) Growth and reproduction of barnyardgrass (. ) They have become resistant to multiple soybean herbicides such as glyphosate (RoundupTM) and chlorimuron (Classic). Utilizing a drill seeder to plant in narrow rows may lead to an increase in seeding rate. Grain yield was significantly highest when crop sown at 45 cm inter row spacing and 15 cm intra row spacing in all the individual years and in pooled results except in pooled results it was at par with 60 and 75 cm . A field trial was conducted during the 2009/2010 cropping season at the Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching and Research Farm at Dabagi to investigate the effects of inter and intra row spacing on the growth and fodder yield of Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp Variety Kanannado). T. Balemi, Response of tomato cultivars differing in growth habit to nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers and spacing on vertisol in Ethiopia, Acta Agriculturae Slovenica, vol. The fruits were counted at each harvest time and expressed in numbers and converted to number of unmarketable fruits per hectare. Lambert, D.M., Lowenberg-DeBoer, J. The average plant height of 10 randomly selected plants per plot was measured and expressed in centimetres (cm). Cary, NC: SAS Institute, Inc.; 2002. 2023 BioMed Central Ltd unless otherwise stated. Read more here. For the Singapore Spanish pineapple, the spacing may be (90 + 60) cm x 30 cm which will result in a density of 4.4 plants per sq meter. The reverse is true for Sefinesh. 1, pp. Soybean row spacings of 30- to 36- inches are common in some regions of the country due to prevailing equipment setups and production practices, but planting in narrow rows can improve weed control. Ethiopias green mung bean export has grown slightly from 822 tons in (2001) to 26,743 tons in 2014 to fulfill the demand of India, Indonesia, Belgium and the UAE [10, 11]. The plants spaced in rows 45cm apart produced taller plants (131.00 cm), followed by optimum (35cm) and closer (25cm) distance between row giving 126.20 and 121.88 cm, respectively. Studies with cotton have shown some benefits for increased competition with weeds; however, production in narrow rows has led to an increase in trash (leaf and stem tissue) in harvested fibers. The partial budget analysis as described by CIMMYT [18] was done to determine the economic feasibility. The increase in yield was variety-dependent, thus suggesting that the genetic potential of the varieties needs to be considered when using plant density to increase yields. BoA (Bureau of Agriculture), Kewet Woreda Agriculture Development Office, Annual Report, BoA (Bureau of Agriculture), CSA, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2000. The field experiment was conducted at Kumer and Kokit areas of Metema District from July to September 2017 in the main cropping season. Grasses are some of the trickiest weed species to identify. On the other hand, the lowest unmarketable fruit yield was recorded from 120cm inter- and 40cm interrow spacing, which was statistically at par with 100cm interrow spacing. What Is Row Planting and How Crops Are Arranged, is enhanced which increases gas exchanges and prevents excessive humidity, Best Tips to Maintain Tractors for Winter! So what about planting crops even further apart? December 2009 to April 2010 cropping season to assess the effects of intra-row spacing and variety on yield and yield components of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). Moreover, our finding is in line with Mehmet [23] who stated that as spacing gets wider, there will be more interception of sunlight for photosynthesis, which results in the production of more nutrients for partitioning toward the development of more branches. It is a good source of vitamins and minerals as it supplies Vitamin A, B, C, and D, minerals, Ca, P, and Fe [2]. 2, no. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. This is exemplified by the planting of peanut or mungbean between corn plants within the same row or two coffee plants that are 3 m apart between coconut plants. What is difference between mixed cropping and intercropping? B. Jones Jr., Tomato Plant Culture: In the Field, Greenhouse, and Home Garden, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, USA, 2007. [25] who stated that no significant effect of different row spacing and plant densities on pod length of mung bean. S. Hussen, M. Kemal, and M. Wasie, Effect of intra-row spacing on growth and development of tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum mill) var. Another study conducted in NY found either 7.5- or 15-inch row spacing had higher yields and increased profits compared to 30-inch rows (Cox et al. Single row planting of the intercrop can also be done between the rows of the maincrop. Please note that where retained stubble is dense, it may not be physically possible to carry out inter-row cultivation. Data collected on fruit yield and yield components were analysed using SAS. Intra-row spacing did not affect growth and . In Ethiopia, 10 to 50cm intrarow spacing and 60 to 120cm interrow row spacing were reported for different tomato varieties in different location and years. The tomato seedlings were transplanted four weeks after planting into a well-harrowed and ridged field. Metema District is located in North Gondar Zone of Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia. 92.205.107.238 Four intra-row spacings (20, 25, 30 and 35 cm) and four potato varieties (Gudenne, Jalenne, Gera and Guassa) were used in the experiment. The aim of the present study is to compare the intra- and inter-connectivity of the intrinsic networks between a large sample of patients . Crops Review is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to Amazon.com. The study was conducted in 2017 main cropping season at two locations in North Gondar Zone, Ethiopia, to determine the optimum inter- and intra-row spacing of mung bean for maximum yield and yield components. But in thedrill method, the only consideration is a uniformnumber of plants per linear meter. The main effect of interrow spacing significantly affected marketable fruit, unmarketable fruit, marketable fruit number, unmarketable fruit number, and fruit diameter. Safflower planted at the distance of 45 x 30cm row to row and plant to plant recorded significantly maximum seed yield, plant height, oil production, branches and capitula number of the crop. Please include what you were doing when this page came up and the Cloudflare Ray ID found at the bottom of this page. Hussain M, Mehmood Z, Khan MB, Farooq S, Lee DJ, Farooq M. Narrow row spacing ensures higher productivity of low tillering wheat cultivars. Inappropriate spacing is one of the major problems in tomato production at the study area. Main effect of intrarow spacing on yield and yield components of tomato at Shewarobit. Int J Agric Biol. 2, pp. 14, p. 2227, 2015. Ph.D. dissertation. The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study will be available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. In the contrary, different researchers reported higher plant height in closer spacing than wider spacing [17, 22, 23]. Each treatment was duplicated three times making 36 experimental units with a treatment combination of 12. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 10, no. 2, no. This week, a gardener wanted to know how far apart to space her garden rows. In intra row spacing of 15, 20, 25 and 30 cm the total number of plants in each row were 20, 15, 12 and 10, respectively. In Bangladesh, as well as in other countries, various experiments with improper spacing reduced the yield of mung bean up to 2040% [29]. The competitiveness and vigor of soybean planted at these higher rates, along with narrow rows, can help manage weeds that emerge both early and late. The world annual production area of mung bean is about 5.5 million hectare with a increase in rate of 2.5% per annum [4]. Maboko et al. (2015) Weed growth and crop yield loss in wheat as influenced by row spacing and weed emergence times. Studies dating back to 1966 demonstrated row spacing of 10 inches reached 95% sunlight interception 17 days earlier than 30 inch rows; full canopy closure happened 40 days earlier in narrow rows (Shibles and Weber 1966). Bobcat Compact Tractor Reviews: Is This the Right Tractor for You? Crop spacing refers to the number of crops that can be planted in one area. This website was conceptualized primarily to serve as an e-library for reference purposes on the principles and practices in crop science, including basic botany. The adjacent blocks are separated by a space that may remain vacant or planted to other crops. Effect of plant density on flowering date, yield and quality attribute of bush beans (Phaseolus Vulgaris L.) under center pivot irrigation system. CPWC is the period of time that a crop must be kept weed-free to prevent yield loss. Thus, a field experiment was conducted at Boloso Sore woreda in Wolaita Zone during 2016 cropping season under irrigation condition to study the effect of different levels of N rate and intra-row spacing on yield, yield components and quality of tobacco. How to Market Your Business with Webinars? [20] who stated that the interaction of wider inter- and intra-row spacing hastened maturity of safflower. This research was conducted in the Debre Berhan University research and demonstration site which is classified as vertosol. Plantain and Banana Some gardeners prefer slightly wider rows for certain crops like okra because it's just a pain, literally, to have to harvest without some headroom. There is a considerable difference in the life cycle and the duration of maturity in different crops, All crops have a similar life cycle and duration of maturity. The overall highest seed yield was recorded when Sefinesh was planted in 15 cm intra row spacing followed by Megeri in 5cm intra row spacing. Unmarketable fruit number per hectare: fruits with cracks, rotting, damage by insects, diseases, and birds, and sunburn, as well as extra small-sized fruits, were collected from ten tagged plants and were considered as unmarketable. Its leave are modified into spines 6 This is also an insect-ea plant. Maximum seed yield (2046 kg ha -1 ) was recorded for row spacing 15cm where plants were spaced 10cm within rows. Input the Total plants and Plants per row to get the total Plant spacing you need for your hedge's length. Crops that rapidly develop a dense canopy often have a shorter CPWC. Spatial arrangementis the systematic apportioning of the farm area or any growing surface for crop production. Malek MFN, Majnonhoseini N, Alizade H. A survey on the effects of weed control treatments and plant density on lentil growth and yield. [9] reported that the interaction effect of inter- and intrarow spacing significantly affects both marketable and unmarketable yield of tomato. What is intra row spacing in agriculture? A combination of intra-row spacing, sowing date, and pesticides on M. vitrata was carried out during the rainy seasons of 2015 and 2016 respectively in Katsina, towards developing an integrated pest management on cowpea. Similarly, the main effect of inter- and intra-row spacing at site two was significant (P<0.01), while their interaction had no significant effect on the number of pods per plant (Table4). What is ROPS on a Tractor? The combined main effect of inter- and intra-row spacing was highly significant (P<0.01), while their interaction had no significant effect on plant height (Table1). The spacing were 15x30 cm, 25x30 cm, 35x30 cm and 45x30 cm giving a plant population densities of 22,222, 13,333, 9,524 and 7,407 plants/ha, respectively. East-west row orientation is preferred to maximize light absorption, but this is not always possible. Effect of row spacing and seeding rates on growth yield and yield components of chickpea. 5 This is the world's largest flower.

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