sidney gottlieb son

And he traveled between these two worlds of spiritual meditation and then torturous experiments. [citation needed], By 1955 Project MK-ULTRA had outgrown its government funding. It was poison to kill Prime Minister Patrice Lumumba. Eric, Nils and Alice, now recovered from alcoholism, tracked down Sidney Gottlieb in his ecologically correct home in Culpeper, Va., where the retired spymaster was raising goats, eating yogurt. Gottlieb actually drove out to the CIA Records Center and ordered the archivist to destroy boxes full of MKUltra records, and he wrote in his report that these records were destroyed over my stated objections. Who were those people? He had tested such an aerosol. Coming up, Justin Chang will review Steve McQueen's new five-film series, "Small Axe." And patriotism is among the most seductive of those causes because it posits the nation as a value that's so transcendent that anything done in its service is virtuous. GROSS: Well, Stephen Kinzer, thank you for this book. If they had not emigrated, Sidney Gottlieb might well himself have been brought up in Central Europe, forced into a ghetto, brought to a concentration camp and become the subject of one of these grotesque Nazi medical experiments. GROSS: Yeah, I found that pretty hard to understand. The same needle was inserted under the skin of a white mouse. He developed poisons intended to kill Cuban leader Fidel Castro and Congolese leader Patrice Lumumba. He decided to transfer to a school that offered a legitimate agricultural biology course, and wished to attend the University of Wisconsin. President Kennedy had assigned lawyer James Donovanportrayed by Tom Hanks in the 2015 film Bridge of Spiesto negotiate release of POWs from the Bay of Pigs. Then-Deputy Director for Plans Allen Dulles hired him on Ira Baldwin's recommendation. Joe from Paris arrived carrying Americas secret weapon. Allen Dulles said the star-crossed pilot had performed his duty in a very dangerous mission and he performed it well.. KINZER: As part of the search for drugs that would allow people to control the human mind, CIA scientists became aware of the existence of LSD, and this became an obsession for the early directors of MKUltra. He couldn't remember what part of the CIA he had worked in. GROSS: So this is just a little sidebar that I found very interesting as somebody who listens to a lot of jazz. Today, its a cutting-edge lab. Gottlieb was the most powerful unknown American of the 20th centuryunless there was someone else who conducted brutal experiments across three continents and had a license to kill issued by the U.S. government. So if you remember Q from those James Bond movies, that was Gottlieb. And this became part of his work during the late 1950s and into 1960. Sidney Gottlieb had a new assignment. Sidney Gottlieb was an American chemist and spymaster who headed the Central Intelligence Agency's 1950s and 1960s assassination attempts and mind-control program, known as Project MKUltra. He spied on musicians and entrapped them, including Billie Holiday, and Billie Holiday being busted was a turning point in her career because she couldn't get a cabaret license. Eisenhower left office in January 1961 but anti-Castro plotting went on. More about CIA In fact, it was chosen for its isolation. KINZER: You're absolutely right. Gottlieb, however, later testified that he had disposed of the poison before leaving Leopoldville, destroying its viability, then dumping it into the Congo River. But none of them really wanted to know what he was doing. Among the witnesses to appear at the trial was a professor of forensic medicine who had been assigned to evaluate the deadly pin. He forgot who was deputy was. So he actually wrote something describing his experience. KINZER: Gottlieb was living in India, working in a hospital for leprosy victims when he got a note from the CIA saying, somebody has figured out who you are, and that somebody is the Church Committee that's investigating the CIA, and they want to talk to you. And actually, it's a tremendous irony that the drug that the CIA hoped would be its key to controlling humanity actually wound up fueling a generational rebellion that was dedicated to destroying everything that the CIA held dear and defended. LSD was just one of the mind-altering drugs that were used in the program to see if and how they could be weaponized to control human behavior. Of the CIA poison kit, Devlin later wrote that after Gottlieb handed it to him, my mind was racing. He asked Dulles to negotiate an accord that would formalize the connection between the military and the CIA in this pursuit. The Technical Services Division considered planting a bomb in what would appear to be a rare mollusk where Castro liked to scuba dive. The following was established during the investigation of the pin. Joe from Paris was Sidney Gottlieb. Sidney Gottlieb. Gottlieb remembers the scheme as being one that was talked about frequently but not widely, and as being concerned with killing, not merely influencing behavior.. It might now be sprayed in the radio studio from which Castro made live broadcasts that reached millions of Cubans. He will fully identify himself and explain his assignment to you.. I mean, we won: The Century-Long Battle Over This Confederate Flag, Revisiting the Small but Important Riots between Brandy Station and Gettysburg. Baldwin had founded and run the biowarfare program at Fort Detrick years earlier, and had kept Gottlieb in his orbit throughout the years. The idea was that Zhou would be back in China, and the poison wouldn't be able to be traced back to the CIA. So how high does it fly, really? They wanted to be able to have a truth serum that would make prisoners say everything they knew, also an amnesiac that would make people forget what they had done and, most important, a technique or a drug that would allow the CIA to direct agents to carry out acts like sabotage or assassination and then forget who had ordered them to do it, or even that they'd carried out the actions at all. The gangsters wanted poison. He spent his childhood in the Bronx wearing leg braces. There isnt any question about this., For years, White House pressure kept Gottlieb and his bosses focused on killing Castro. These included, according to a Senate investigation years later, poison pills, poison pens, deadly bacterial powders, and other devices which strain the imagination.. The Castro plot rose to the top of his priority list for the same reason it rose to the top for Bissell and CIA director Dulles. Gottlieb wanted to create a way to seize control of people's minds, and he realized it was a two-part process. After a while Gottlieb broke the silence. A Cuban agent given firearms and explosives by the CIA was in contact with the Agency until 1965, but never carried out an attack. However, poison remained the most appealing option. He married Margaret Marshal Moore on 12 September 1942, in Pasadena, Los Angeles, California, United States. After World War II, Detrick faded in importance. At first Gottlieb and his chemists concentrated on ways to cause Castros downfall by non-lethal means. Now, that doctor later died a natural death, so Bulger didn't get to carry out his wish. Saxitoxin, the substance on the poisoned pin, belongs to a class of . So they hired the Nazi doctors who had been involved in that project to advise them. Each driver in turn was given the silver dollar before taking off. You may have heard stories about the CIA's secret experiments with LSD, through which '60s counterculture luminaries like Ken Kesey and Allen Ginsberg were first introduced to the drug. By 1948, his wife and two daughters were living in a remote cabin near Vienna, Virginia, that had no electricity or running water. The cigars were so heavily contaminated that merely putting one in the mouth would do the job; the intended victim would not have to smoke it. The report names Gottlieb as a co-conspirator, although without specifying his role. But once you got to see if you could transfer those fantasies from the realm of fiction to the realm of reality, they broke down. A couple of days earlier Devlin had received a cable from Washington telling him that a visitor would soon appear. Tell us about that. 1 of 5 stars 2 of 5 stars 3 of 5 stars 4 of 5 stars 5 of 5 stars. GOTTLIEB SIDNEY V. GOTTLIEB "Sid" Sid passed away after a long illness on July 11, 2022 just after his 94th birthday. Gottlieb approached Devlin and extended his hand. ", "John K. Vance; Uncovered LSD Project at CIA", "President 'ordered murder' of Congo leader", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sidney_Gottlieb&oldid=1149377811, This page was last edited on 11 April 2023, at 21:11. It contained a vial of liquid botulinum; a hypodermic syringe with an ultra-thin needle; a small jar of chlorine that could be mixed with the botulinum to render it ineffective in an emergency; and accessory materials, including protective gloves and a face mask. First, you had to blast away the existing mind. He stuttered. Sidney Solomon Gottlieb: Birthdate: November 28, 1890: Birthplace: Alsenz, Germany: Death: February 1963 (72) New Mexico Immediate Family: Son of Jakob Gottlieb and Emilia Gottlieb Husband of Agnes Effie Gottlieb Father of Robert Bruce Gottlieb and Sidney Gottlieb Jr. Looking at it more closely, we could see the body of the pin to be a sheath not fitting quite tightly against the head. In one of the them, seven prisoners in Lexington, Kentucky, were given multiple doses of LSD for 77 days straight. His handful of CIA chemists worked so closely with their comrades in the Special Operations Division that they became a single unit. The men paused, absorbing the weight of the moment. So essentially, although his anonymity was briefly shattered, he was able to emerge from that experience without anybody reaching the heart of his mystery. He tested an astonishing variety of drug combinations, often in conjunction with other torments like electroshock or sensory deprivation. GROSS: Among the very, very bizarre things about Sidney Gottlieb is after leaving the CIA, he pursued a spiritual life. In the United States, his victims were unwitting subjects at jails and hospitals, including a federal prison in Atlanta and an addiction research center in Lexington, Kentucky. President Dwight Eisenhower authorized several more flights in the weeks that followed. He was a senior officer, a highly respected chemist, whom I had known for some time, Devlin wrote later. With him he carried a one-of-a-kind kit that he himself had designed. Sidney Gottlieb (Editor), Christopher Brookhouse (Editor), Charles L.P. Silet (Contributor), Christopher Morris (Contributor) 3.25 avg rating 4 ratings published 2002. Sidney Gottlieb (August 3, 1918 - March 7, 1999) was an American chemist and spymaster who headed the Central Intelligence Agency 's 1950s and 1960s assassination attempts and mind-control program, known as Project MKUltra. His lawyer had arranged for him to be granted immunity from prosecution for his testimony. They were testing psychochemicals and running experiments in my labs and werent telling me.. The plan was abandoned when the lawyer decided to present Castro with a different diving suit. These failures brought the CIA, Technical Services, and Gottlieb back to Rosellis original idea: make poison and find a way to feed it to Castro. No one knew when Castro would travel, and even if he stayed at a hotel the CIA could penetrate, his security detail would probably not allow his boots to be handled by strangers. With the stuff thats in there, no one will ever be able to know that Lumumba was assassinated., Gottlieb coolly explained to Devlin what was in the poison kit and how to use it. He had not poisoned the leader of a foreign government, but he had shown once again that he knew how. With scientists at Fort Detrick, he conceived of ways to kill Castro. The man he chose, Sidney Gottlieb, was not part of the silver-spoon aristocracy from which most officers of the early CIA were recruited, but a 33-year-old Jew from an immigrant family who limped and stuttered. Stephen Kinzer's book, 'Poisoner in Chief,' exposes how CIA scientist Sidney Gottlieb worked in the 1950s and early '60s to develop mind control drugs and deadly toxins that could be used against . HistoryNet.com is brought to you by HistoryNet LLC, the worlds largest publisher of history magazines. And therefore Gottlieb didn't have to worry about any legal entanglements. By crafting the lethal pin that was given to U-2 drivers, he solidified his position as poisoner in chief. There was a depot for expense account reports that had not been destroyed, and various other pieces of paper remained. His parents were orthodox Jews, but he did not embrace the faith. On July 5, U-2 driver Carmine Vito took off at dawn from Wiesbaden. MK-ULTRA ended in failure in the early 1960s. Originally broadcast Sept. 9, 2019. KINZER: George Hunter White was one of the key operatives of MKUltra, and he stands out even in this extremely bizarre MKUltra cast of Nazi doctors and torturers and obsessed chemists. It's now out in paperback. To cover up the tracks of the crime, the pilot was told that he must not be taken alive by Soviet authorities, Khrushchev told his comrades. Making them was no great challenge. Gottlieb chose a poison, and a Special Operations Division officer at Fort Detrick made the ampules. He never, however, found a way to implant a new mind in the resulting void. No way was found to use them. Friends and enemies alike say Mr. Gottlieb was a kind of genius, striving to explore the frontiers of the human mind for his country, while searching for religious and spiritual meaning in his life. KINZER: This is one of the things that makes the Gottlieb story so fascinating. The shooter would almost certainly be killed or captured. After he left the C.I.A., Mr. Gottlieb and his wife went to India, where he ran a leper hospital for 18 months. In the 1950's and early 1960's, the agency gave mind-altering drugs to hundreds of unsuspecting Americans in an effort to explore the possibilities of controlling human consciousness. He became the only CIA officer known to have carried poison to a foreign country in order to kill that countrys leader. A Cold War showdown loomed. The mobster had never heard of Gottliebno one hadbut he correctly presumed that the CIA must have someone on its payroll who made poison. So how much did the committee find out about what Gottlieb had really done? Floating down, he later wrote, he imagined the tortures and unknown horrors that might await him in captivity. Thus, as a result of the investigation it was established that the substance contained on the needle inside the pin, judging from the nature of its effect on animals, could, according to its toxic doses and physical properties, be included in the curare group, the most powerful and quickest-acting of all known poisons. While there, Gottlieb got a master's degree in speech pathology. A CIA report describes the first as a pencil designed as a concealment device for delivering the pills. More elaborate was what the report calls a ballpoint pen which had a hypodermic needle inside, that when you pushed the lever, the needle came out and poison could be injected into someone. According to another description, the needle was designed to be so fine that the target (Castro) would not sense its insertion and the agent would have time to escape before the effects were noticed. A CIA officer in Paris handed this pen to a Cuban CIA asset on November 22, 1963, the day Kennedy was assassinated. And towards the end of his life, Bulger came to realize the truth of what had happened to him, and he actually told his friends that he was going to find that doctor in Atlanta who was the head of that experiment program in the penitentiary and go kill him. If he had known better, he would have said it was founded by the CIA and, in particular, Sidney Gottlieb. They meant to destroy Castro before he could carry out his promise to rid the country of crime and vice. I guess those didn't work as mind control drugs. So it's not surprising that later on in life Tim Leary said the entire LSD movement was started by the CIA. The Life Summary of Sidney When Sidney Gottlieb was born on 3 August 1918, in The Bronx, New York City, New York, United States, his father, Louis Gottlieb, was 35 and his mother, Fannie Bender, was 30. They're working with people who have leprosy. There's a lot more to the CIA experiments with LSD, and some of it is pretty horrifying. He and his wife go to India. Together, those sources reveal Detricks central role in MK-ULTRA and in the manufacture of poisons intended to kill foreign leaders. Leary was fascinated by this. That was one of their big avenues of investigation. Mr. Gottlieb spent his last years in Washington, Va., a pretty village in the foothills of the Blue Ridge mountains, working in a hospice, tending to the dying. Lyndon Johnson kept using political and economic means, including sabotage and other covert work, to undermine Cubas government. KINZER: I think that's largely correct. Enthralled by new chemicals, he sent promising samples to what had been upgraded to Fort Detrick. The midget submarine that would have had to be used in emplacement of the shell has too short an operating range for such an operation.. After months of experimenting on agents and prisoners left Gottlieb unsatisfied, he sought help from the Special Operations Division at Detrick. Allen Dulles, who ran the CIAs covert-operations directorate and would soon be promoted to direct the agency, considered his mind control projectfirst named Bluebird, then Artichoke, then MK-ULTRAto be of supreme importance, the difference between the survival and extinction of the United States. So as they were both on their way out of the CIA, they agreed that they should destroy all records of MKUltra. The CIA was eager to get this kind of information. These bumbling attempts hardly satisfied Bissell. Embassy and station believe Congo experiencing classic Communist effort takeover government, Devlin wrote. Gottlieb searched relentlessly for a way to blast away human minds so new ones could be implanted in their place. I found the revelations in it really remarkable. During 1961 and 1962, intermediaries working for the CIA passed several packets of Gottliebs botulinum pillscalled L-pills because they were lethalto gangsters for delivery to contacts in Cuba. He was so excited about it he took a job in the hospital and began stealing the LSD to give it to his friends. In a dramatic speech to the Supreme Soviet a week after the shoot-down, he revealed that large sections of the U-2 had been recovered and that Powers was alive and in custody. Over a period of twenty years as a scientist with the agency, Sidney Gottlieb ran the largest systematic search for mind control techniques in history He presided over medical experiments and. Both volunteered with Gottlieb using his new degree to help in middle schools, high schools, and occasionally hospice care facilities as a speech pathologist. I don't think he ever faced the question or answered the question of whether there are limits to the amount of evil you can do in a righteous cause before the evil begins to outweigh the righteousness. Plenty of lethal or incapacitating germs were out there and available, Gottlieb told Bissell, and they were easily accessible to the CIA. This is FRESH AIR. So we want you to stay with the guy after the thing is over and talk to him and try to draw him out about his work and ask him, for example, you know that plane you've been working on? He had founded the CIAs Chemical Division and become the Agencys pre-eminent expert on toxins and ways of delivering them. Copyright 2020 NPR. Rosellis contacts in the Havana underworld made him an ideal partner for the CIA. In the '50s and early '60s, Gottlieb headed the secret CIA program MKUltra, which conducted experiments to see if LSD and other drugs could be weaponized as a form of mind control. [citation needed] He was named as the person who gave Army bacteriologist Frank Olson LSD at an MK-ULTRA retreat, leading to Olson's mental spiral and death a week later. He left the City College of New York, first for the Arkansas Polytechnic Institute, then for the University of Wisconsin, where he graduated, magna cum laude, with a chemistry degree in 1940. He hatched a new idea that consumed Artichoke and gave him authority over all CIA research into mind control, including the ability to test drugs on witting and unwitting Americans, which was not being done under Artichoke. Then, after the Korean War ended, it was revealed many American prisoners had signed statements criticizing the United States and, in some cases, confessing to war crimes. I mean, they had no idea what they were being given. Yet nobody looked over his shoulder. LSD had been invented only a decade earlier, and few Americans knew it existed. . Although CIA officers worked closely with the Congolese and Belgians who did the deed, they did not participate in or witness the execution. Before they could go further, though, this ideas obvious weaknesses became clear. This is FRESH AIR. And under the conditions of his employment, he was allowed to pursue any form of experimentation that he could imagine. Gottlieb, now chief of research and development for the Technical Services Staff, had an unmatched knowledge of poisons, which made him the ideal candidate for a delicate assignment. In fact, CIA chemist Sidney Gottlieb had gone well beyond curare, a toxin that is found in tropical plants. If Castro became disoriented and incoherent during one of those speeches, he would presumably lose popular support. Let's get back to Terry's interview with Stephen Kinzer about his book, "Poisoner In Chief: Sidney Gottlieb And The CIA Search For Mind Control." They considered using a sniperhunting good here when light is right, one officer wrotebut ruled out that option because Lumumba was living in seclusion and no reliable sniper was available. He was also interested in making toxins that would affect their behavior in various ways. . If you're just joining us, my guest is Stephen Kinzer. Mind control, he finally came to conclude, is a myth. Gottlieb met his wife Margaret Moore, daughter of a Presbyterian missionary,[3] while attending CIT, and they swiftly married. GROSS: So Sidney Gottlieb worked in secrecy. He himself used LSD, by his own estimate, about at least 200 times. Olsons family believes he was thrown from the window to prevent him from revealing what was brewing inside Camp Detrick. The man he chose, Sidney Gottlieb, was not part of the silver-spoon aristocracy from which most officers of the early CIA were recruited, but a 33-year-old Jew from an immigrant family who limped . Finding ways to kill Castro without using firearmsand, at points in the plotting, also to kill his brother Ral and guerrilla hero Ernesto Che Guevarabecame one of Gottliebs main preoccupations after his return from the Congo. It was about a couple of Americans who had gone to Mexico and found the magic mushroom that produces hallucinations. (SOUNDBITE OF THE MIDNIGHT HOUR'S "BETTER ENDEAVOR"). Two years later, the agency established MKUltra and Mr. Gottlieb was running it. Army scientists complied. So the anonymity in which Gottlieb had lived his whole life was suddenly under threat. Making poison to kill foreign leaders was no longer Gottliebs job. And the idea was to try to draw out information and to see whether drugs could make people talk, and of course, they found out things that are very obvious - that people will talk. Bissell returned to his office, where he immediately cabled the Leopoldville station asking officers there to propose ways to carry out Eisenhowers assassination order. Mr. Gottlieb joined the C.I.A. Thank you for talking with us. The people who Sidney Gottlieb hired included George Hunter White, who directed a lot of the MKUltra experiments, and he had been a narcotics agent and led the Narcotics Bureau's campaign against jazz in New York City. Now, the people who volunteered for these experiments and began taking LSD, in many cases, found it very pleasurable. https://www.nytimes.com/1999/03/10/us/sidney-gottlieb-80-dies-took-lsd-to-cia.html. On January 17, 1961, a squad of six Congolese and two Belgian officers took Lumumba out of confinement, brought him to a jungle clearing, shot him, and dissolved his remains in acid. He was flying the U-2, a plane that almost no one knew existed. Tim Leary, who became the great guru of LSD, first came across psychedelics through Sidney Gottlieb, although like all these other people, he had never heard Gottlieb's name because Gottlieb lived in complete invisibility. They agreed that Gottlieb himself should bring it to Leopoldville. It is a straight ordinary-looking pin made of white metal with a head and a sharpened point. And the Nuremberg Code established that if you are conducting experiments, that the person you are experimenting on needs to give informed consent. Baldwin chose a mostly abandoned National Guard base below Catoctin Mountain called Detrick Field. . On the sharpened point of the needle are deep oblique furrows completely covered with a layer of thick, sticky, brownish mass. Im Joe from Paris, he said. When CIA air controllers lost contact with Powerss plane, they presumed he was dead and that his plane had been vaporized. In the early 1950s, he arranged for the CIA to pay $240,000 to buy the world's entire supply of LSD. In the Eisenhower and Kennedy Administrations, Mr. Gottlieb, always under orders from the Director of Central Intelligence or his chief spymaster, developed a poison handkerchief to kill an Iraqi colonel, an array of toxic gifts to be delivered to Fidel Castro, and a poison dart to kill a leftist leader in the Congo. At this point Subproject 27[9] (basic research of LSD) was a funding subproject that combined previous subprojects, including payment to Sandoz Pharmaceuticals for LSD, John Mulholland's The Official CIA Manual of Trickery and Deception (subproject 15 magic support, Mulholland Supplement), and further procurement of LSD (subproject 18), but it grew to almost 150 documented subprojects, including a microwave gun and the search for alternatives to LSD, which led to later programs like Project MKCHICKWIT, most of which focused on South America. Once Helms was gone, it was just a matter of time until Gottlieb would be gone, and most important was that Helms was really the only person at the CIA who had an idea of what Gottlieb had been doing. Since it would entail making poison and devices by which that poison could be delivered, Bissell turned to what had been the Technical Services Staff, now renamed the Technical Services Division. [15], On October 7, 1975, Gottlieb testified before the Church Committee under his birth name "Joseph Schneider." Bissell told Gottlieb that, pursuant to an order from the highest authority, he was to prepare an incapacitating or fatal potion that could be fed to an African leader. He never had to file serious reports to anybody. Kinzer spoke with Terry in September of last year, when "Poisoner In Chief" was released in hardback. We'll hear more after a break, and Justin Chang will review Steve McQueen's new five-film series, "Small Axe." They didn't know what he had done in prisons inside the United States. Bulger wrote afterword about his experiences, which he described as quite horrific. Working with partners at Fort Detrick, where he stored his toxins, Gottlieb began assembling his assassination kit. We're talking about his new book, "Poisoner In Chief: Sidney Gottlieb And The CIA Search For Mind Control." He had two sons and two daughters. The needle is extracted when tightly pulling the pin head. Let's start with, what was the mission of MKUltra? KINZER: He was trying everything. That left poison. Their first idea was to taint cigars that operations officers would deliver to Castro. Only one was made, since all agreed that if a driver used it, disaster would have struck, and the U-2 program would be history. Sidney Gottlieb ran a workshop dedicated to assassinationand mind control. So Gottlieb really lived a Jekyll-and-Hyde life. That testimony constitutes the most detailed analysis of one of Gottliebs tools ever made public. A decade of intense experiments taught Gottlieb that there are indeed ways to destroy a human mind. His imagination was just as fertile when he was inventing spy tools for CIA officers as it had been earlier when he was trying to devise ways of finding mind control techniques. A needle is inserted in the bore. Do you know what a self-contained, off-the-shelf operation means? one of them asked years later. The authoritative record of NPRs programming is the audio record. So George Hunter White, as you say, was a narcotics agent in New York, but he was the kind of narcotics agent who not only lived at the edge of the law. They also wanted a "truth serum", something that had been investigated during the days of the OSS but never fully realized. So Stanford University was running a program in which they asked for volunteers to come in and try this new substance. Finding a chemical that would make a beard fall out was just the kind of challenge Gottlieb enjoyed. He decided to consult professionals. His older brother was plant biologist David Gottlieb. DAVIES: Stephen Kinzer speaking with Terry Gross, recorded last year, about his book, "Poisoner In Chief: Sidney Gottlieb And The CIA Search For Mind Control," which is now out in paperback. The target would get sick and die exactly as if hed been attacked by a natural outbreak of an endemic disease. History is who we are and why we are the way we are.. That spring, U-2 flights were taking off from a secret CIA airfield near Peshawar, Pakistan. Gottlieb wanted to use Detricks assets to propel his mind control project to new heights. . Framing Hitchcock: Selected Essays from the Hitchock Annual.

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