names of families that owned slaves in north carolina

You can see how Slave families moved over time by selecting different census years. White, Deborah Gray. Oregon Historical Census Browswer, University of Virginia Library. The best way to get from Erie to Buffalo without a car is to bus which takes 1h 45m and costs $25-$50. $22. View Census Data for Slave | Data not to scale. A three-hold necessary within a clapboard frame was next to the outdoor kitchen. Utah Distance between cities USA Pennsylvania Erie, PA Distance from Erie to Buffalo. I Can't Find the Person I'm Looking For, What Now? The record indicates also lists the household of Francis Marion Foy on the same page as well as Israel Jackson and his wifeMariahwhom he married in 1896 when he was about twenty-three years old. WebThe last U.S. census slave schedules were enumerated by County in 1860 and included 393,975 named persons holding 3,950,546 unnamed slaves, or an average of about ten slaves per holder. Barons Bus also services this route once daily. Strength through Struggle: The Chronological and Historical Record of the African American Community in Wilmington, North Carolina, 1865-1950. The carbon footprint would be 0.79 pounds of CO2 per mile. The estimated cost of gas to go from Erie to Buffalo is $10.62. Current time in both locations is 1:39 am. Filled with useful and timely travel information, the guides answer all the hard questions - such as 'How do I buy a ticket? Thank you so much for providing the link and your prompt reply. Arnt I a Woman? To the best of our knowledge, it is correct as of the last update.Visit Rome2rio travel advice for general help. In the 1870 census are there whites with the same surname as your ancestor. Such dwellings were most likely double cabins constructed in a similar manner to the surviving tenant house and indicated their higher status among the community of enslaved. For them the adjustment to the New World proved less traumatic than that of later generations of newly imported Africans (Kay 12). Whenever possible FamilySearch makes images and indexes available for all users. https://openingdoorsinbrickwalls.wordpress.com/tag/slave-name-roll-project/. He was born in Buffalo, NY on November 16, 1956, the son of Origin and destination have to be different. The most extensive excavations focused on a site associated closely with Stagvilles plantation past and the enslavement of many of the people who lived there. Earlier. Other early archaeological investigations focused on the Horton Grove tract, a nearby farm often treated as a part of Stagville. Prior to and during the construction of the Manor House, between the years 1847-1851, Joseph Mumford Foy continued to acquire slaves, of which every attempt has been made to locate historical records for specific dates, names, and ages. Twitter There are 318+ hotels available in Buffalo. The halfway point is Van Buren Bay, NY. New Hampshire The actual number of slaveholders may be slightly lower because some large holders held slaves in more than one County and would have been counted in each Train Erie PA - Buffalo NY. 4. WebFAIR BLUFF, N.C. A man and woman recently discovered a link in their family history. Google Last updated: 17 Mar 2021 - to help you get the most out of your next trip. Citations help you keep track of places you have searched and sources you have found. Buffalo. The majority were slaves working in agriculture on small- to medium-sized farms. Domestic travel is not restricted, but some conditions may apply. Seniors. Rome2rio displays up to date schedules, route maps, journey times and estimated fares from relevant transport operators, ensuring you can make an informed decision about which option will suit you best. This work took place very early in the development of what many now call African diaspora archaeology. Pictured are George Nixon holding Cleveland Nixon, 1896. timelapse 7h 54m. The country can better afford to pay for a few exampled than it can allow the citizens to be betrayed and plundered.. Average USA gas price used for calculation is $2.85 per gallon of regular gas. When Joseph M. Foy died in March 1861, two weeks shy of the souths secession, an inventory was completed of his estate. Texas The two farms seem to have been considered a single entity by many who lived there in the 20th century. Archaeologists cautioned, however, that it was difficult to determine the size of the sites, or to be certain about the range of activities carried out in these areas, because for many years enthusiasts had removed artifacts from the fields where the sites were identified. The slave schedules were microfilmed along with the population schedules are and part of NARA microfilm publication M432 Seventh Census of the United States, 1850 in Record Group 29 Records of the Bureau of the Census.Slave schedules for 1850 exist for the following: Slave schedules are not available for other states. Should I fly or drive from Buffalo, NY to Erie, PA? One of a line of outbuildings, including other dwellings, the small (19 by 23 feet) quarter structure was near the end of a short path downslope from the main house.When archaeologists encountered it, the drylaid stone foundation was still topped by boards and beams from the demolition that took place only a few decades before.Soil probes at 2.5 foot intervals allowed archaeologists to locate buried stonework, for example, a possible rock-bordered path on the west site of the house.The footprint of the house consisted of four to six courses of stone in a contiguous foundation, except for on the east site, where excavators found stone footings, interpreted as a porch.The chimney base of stone and brick is built into the north wall of the foundation. Here there are some offers to rent a car in or near Erie, PA: Checkout the distance in miles, kilometers and nautical miles between Erie, PA and Buffalo, NY in this table: Planning on renting a car to go from Erie, PA to Buffalo, NY? Services depart once daily, and operate every day. Four dwellings built to house families enslaved by the Camerons are still standing at Horton Grove. Top Stories. Erie to Buffalo bus services, operated by Barons Bus, depart from Erie, PA station. This page is continually being updated. Though composed through slave owners' perspective, these news items nevertheless provide a glimpse into the lives of slaves. Wearing a face mask on public transport in Buffalo is subject to regional advice. Erie, PA and Buffalo, NY are in the same time zone (EDT). Search Search Adults. Rome2rio is a door-to-door travel information and booking engine, helping you get to and from any location in the world. Ticket fares are divided into five subclasses: Saver, Value, Flexible, Business and Premium. Freedom was not fully extended to the enslaved in New Hanover County until the fall of Wilmington and the surrounding area to the Union Army in February 1865. so if you have the name of a plantation owner you might find what you are seeking under estates. The Slave Trade database contains information for about 36,000 slaving voyages and the African Name database identifies 91,491 African taken from captured slave ships or from African trading sites. IMPORTANT PRIVACY NOTICE & DISCLAIMER: YOU HAVE A RESPONSIBILITY TO USE CAUTION WHEN DISTRIBUTING PRIVATE INFORMATION. Kay, Marvin L. Michael and Lorin Lee Cary. The Foy family belonged to a large planter class network in the community of Scotts Hill and the city of Wilmington. Yet not all of the black masters were planters or from the South. This Remote Part of the World: Regional Formation in Lower Cape Fear, North Carolina 1725-1775. Paul initiated a major building campaign at the familys nearby Horton Grove farm on the eve of the Civil War. Diary of a Contraband: The Civil War Passage of a Black Sailor. Buffalo is the second largest city in the U.S. state of New York and the largest city in Western New York. And North Carolinians, supposedly, unlike Virginians, did not manage their tobacco with any spirit. This generally careless manner characterized the handling of livestock as well. However, there are services departing from Erie Amtrak Station and arriving at Buffalo Amtrak Station via Buffalo Depew Station. Founded in 1971, it is based in Washington, D.C. and offers four classes of travel: First Class, Sleeper, Business and Coach. Please visit our page on Tenant Farming. WebSlave Manifests for the Port of New York, 1822 - 1852 (National Archives at Washington, DC) Here is a link to from the National Archives website on records pertaining to American Lounsbury, Carl., and George. First talk to the oldest members of your extended family to see if there is any oral history as to the plantation their ancestors worked on. Dont forget to like and subscribe!- Just Ed The gallery is a major showplace for modern art and contemporary art. The Seaborne Slave Trade of North Carolina from the North Carolina Historical Review reports that slaves imported to North Carolina prior to the Revolution from extant records came mainly from the West Indies, most particularly Montego Bay, Jamaica; Barbados; Antigua; and the Bahamas; a small number from mainland colonies; and an even smaller number directly from Africa, though imports between the years 1772-1775 rarely exceeded 150 slaves annually (Minchinton). The bus from Erie, PA to Buffalo, NY takes 1h 45m including transfers and departs once daily. Three generations of Cameron menDuncan, his son Paul Carrington, and Pauls two sons Duncan III and Bennehan continued to develop the familys holdings. Alternatively, Amtrak operates a train from Erie Amtrak Station to Buffalo Depew Station twice daily. Look at probate (wills, administration of estates) records of owners that died before emancipation. directions_bus train service. Buffalo Central Terminal is a historic former railroad station in Buffalo, New York. Raleigh, NC: Office of Archives and History, NC Department of Cultural Resources, 2011. In 1860, Madame Ciprien Ricard and her son Pierre Ricard, free mulattoes of Ibeville Parish, owned 168 slaves. It's better to drive from Erie to Buffalo The fly or drive score is: 219 / 56. While nearly one-third of Southern families owned slaves, the number of slave owners named in the slave schedules is 1.7 percent of the total population (in 1860). Colorado Ms. Shue, we called her Aunt Shue, and there was a lot of and Uncle Talon/Talton, an old man named Uncle Talon, hes a a old bachelor. The earliest signature cards of the FST Bank ask the former owner's name. Calculate the cost of flying versus driving to see which way is better. 10200 US Highway 17, Wilmington, NC 28411Get Directions, Slaves arriving from the West Indies to the Carolinas were considered, Colonial methods of the cultivation of crops and gardens was considered crude, unscientific and wasteful by the English and Europeans. WebCategory: North Carolina, Slave Owners. Please note that this information about the bus from Erie to Buffalo is approximate. Laws were uniformly harsh when a slave In North Carolina, the. The Foys were active Methodists and founding members of the Wesleyan Chapel United Methodist Church at Scotts Hill, but the enslaved at Poplar Grove did not have a house/building specifically designated for worship. Richard Bennehan began assembling what would become one of North Carolinas largest and wealthiest plantations in Orange County in 1776 at the confluence of the Little, Eno, and Flat Rivers. WebNames 22 Slaves: Spring Meadow Plantation--- Near Swift Creek, 3 - 4 miles west of Tilery, NC on the South Bank of the Roanoke River: William Whitehead 1688-1750 : Elizabeth There were fewer numbers of slaves to specialize in each job, so on small farms, slaves may have been required to work both in the fields and at a variety of other jobs at different times of the year. Idaho Most of the free coloredfamilies found in North Carolina in the censuses of 1790 WebStagville (Orange County) Stagville was part of an extensive plantation complex owned by the Bennehan and Cameron families from the end of the 18th century through the middle of the 20th century. Cattle and hogs roamed free, and because there was an almost total neglect of inclosure, they frequently trampled crops (Kay 35). Book your next Greyhound bus from Erie, Pennsylvania to Buffalo, New York. The social distance requirement in Buffalo is 2 metres. https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33S7-9YFC-R5S?i=24&cc=1911121. As well as the resources mentioned by Susannah Brooks, we suggest that you review the National Archives document Federal, Hi Shirley, Welcome to History Hub, I have faound that sometimes when looking for estate files there will also be slaves listed as part of the estate (a terrible thing I know) I have posted an example, As well as the resources mentioned by Susannah Brooks, we suggest that you review the National Archives, Federal Records that Help Identify Former Slaves and Slave Owners, Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Southern planters were often wary of the possibility of conspiracy when groups of the enslaved gathered together, especially so close to the sounds and estuaries of the Atlantic Ocean. previously) and unaccompanied by her little boy. He can, and no doubt will, give the enemy much information, so that our officers should bear this fact in mind. Thomas Dudley Bennehan (Richards son) inherited the store and the farm after his father died in 1825 and he lived there until his own death in 1847. Minnesota Mary Maudie Hines, a former enslaved, communicated that the community of enslaved were not allowed to gather in groups to pray, and instead prayed in pots a Gullah practice of ensuring prayers were not overhead by enslavers. Areas with variable resistivity appear to correlate with the location of agricultural features remembered by former residents, including a corn crib and a hog scalding area. Later, seventeen slaves, includingIsraeland his wife;Bob; Ben; Hannah; Jo; Isaiah; Peter; Bill and wife; Abbi; Abel; Matilda; Stella/Estella; Bill; Toby;and one girl were rented out and sent to the NC interior for a planter named Benson in Graham, NC, near Chapel Hill, in 1863 and 1864 for $2,395.50. Each year, the Buffalo Zoo welcomes approximately 400,000 visitors and is the second largest tourist attraction in Western New York; second only to Niagara Falls. - Wikipedia. Gould, William Benjamin. South Carolina Slaveholders: Genealogy and Records, A Through M - Lowcountry Africana. 12,21,31,38 The Virginia Museum of History & Culture has gathered, accessible biographical details of enslaved Virginians from unpublished historical records in its collections and called it, Unknown No Longer: A Database of Virginia Slave Names, And at the East Texas Digital Archives at Stephen F. Austin State University, the. Furthermore, and not unlike the management practices of plantations populated along the coastlines of the Carolinas, West Africans also shared with them a notion of time as dictated by the seasons, natural phenomena such as the phases of the moon, and the harvesting of particular crops (35). No, there is no direct train from Erie station to Buffalo station. Because of this there may be limitations on where and how images and indexes are available or who can see them. The project is ongoing and new content is regularly added to the webpage. The distance between Erie and Buffalo is 81 miles. Like other cultural groups in the city, African Americans developed literary societies, built libraries, established benevolent organizations to provide for the needy and developed baseball leagues. Such a concentration of slaves had one salutary effect for blacks. WebThe miscellaneous records of some North Carolina counties include some slave records. ', 'How much should I expect to pay? Raleigh, NC: Division of Archives and HIstory, NC Department of Cultural Resources, 1977, 2001. 1757-1978 Southern Historical Collection, Wilson Library, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. Connecticut $30.00; Train schedule from Erie, PA to Buffalo, NY trip overview. The archaeologists emphasized explicitly the need to study the complex network of human interactions that took place using sources besides texts created by slave-owning elites and institutions. Because they lived on farms with smaller groups of slaves, the social dynamic of slaves in North Carolina was somewhat different from their counterparts in other states, who often worked on plantations with hundreds of other slaves. Pennsylvania LearnNC: North Carolina Digital History. Things of this kind must be stopped by some acts of apparent but necessary vigor. The family fortune all began with a partnership in a nearby store, which in later years, was located on the Stagville property itself. On April 12, 1855, Joseph Mumford Foy purchases Williams(referenced previously) from Mr. A Smith; later that same year, on November 24, 1855, he purchases from his brother, Hiram W. Foy, a male slave namedJack; only weeks later, he purchases Robert from Mr. O. Burgess on December 11, 1855; and within a month, he purchases Toby/Tobey (referenced previously)from Joseph Mayes on January 2, 1856; months later, on March 13, 1856, he returns to Mr. A. Smith to purchaseAlfred and Joseph (referenced previously); less than a year later, from Archibald Murdock McKinnon, he purchases Nancy, Harry, Stoke and Roxanne on January 14, 1857; two months later, he purchases a male named David on March 10, 1857, from Williams Bryan; later that same year, he purchases Elcy(mentioned earlier) on September 1, 1857 from the estate of George Ward, trustee Andrew J. Johnston; and lastly, on February 10, 1858, he purchases Patsey from Nicholas N. Nixon. Rome2rio also offers online bookings for selected operators, making reservations easy and straightforward. M432. Greenville, NC. With the exception of a few repairs, the stone is all dry laid. WIKITREE HOME | ABOUT | G2G FORUM | HELP | SEARCH. Wilmingtons African American population saw some gains in political office, but the area in which they saw the greatest advance was business including shoemakers, carpenters, painters, masons, butchers, teachers, blacksmiths, barbers, wheelwrights, mechanics, and grocers (32). In fact, by 1850, only 91 slave owners in the whole state owned over 100 slaves. View Social Security Death Index (SSDI) for Slave. Even though the Foys were Methodist and the Methodist church was historically associated with the anti-slavery movement, southern Methodists who were divided over the issue chose to form the United Methodist Church-South in 1845 and the local Scotts Hill congregation followed suit. Oklahoma Thomas Dudley Bennehan (Richards son) owned and lived on the plantation from 1825 to 1847. As is apparent from the attached list of slave owners on this web site, many people in the county who owned slaves only had one or two. You could then browse the list for individuals that may be your ancestor. Another result of working in smaller groups was that North Carolina slaves generally had more interaction with slaves on other farms. We are heading to Linesville from Buffalo, NY to visit one of the sponsers of our Corvette club, C3VR. WebThe last U.S. census slave schedules were enumerated by County in 1860 and included 393,975 named persons holding 3,950,546 unnamed slaves, or an average of about ten slaves per holder. Manumission, under state jurisdiction, required enslavers to provide two $1,000 security bonds and ensure that the freed slave leave the state within ninety days. It takes approximately 1h 41m to drive from Erie to Buffalo. Book your Erie to Buffalo bus tickets online with Busbud. Of the written references to the brutality of slave labor and the cruel punishments for disobedience, observations were also noted in letters and journals that masters were often seen working alongside their enslaved and indentured servants, particularly in North Carolina rather than the more refined agrarian practices of the tobacco and rice plantations in Virginia and South Carolina, respectively. The SSDI is a searchable database of more than 70 million names. Louisiana Alternative routes for Erie to Buffalo Erie, PA Forecast. However,By 1771 fully 62 percent of the slaves in North Carolina lived on plantations with ten or more slaves. C. Jonathan Carr 1739 Bertie, North Carolina - 1799. Washington WebThe state of the black family under slavery has been the subject of considerable debate and study. $20. See: Slave Records By State, Freedmen's Bureau Records Maryland Cheapest. Slaveholdings were a sign of wealth and power in the antebellum South. WebWilliam McDowell owned 40 slaves. New York: W. W. Norton and Company, 1999. However, less than two years later, Samuel Nixon then reclaims these very six enslaved persons on September 19, 1855 from nine of these same gentlemen, excluding Joseph Mumford Foy. Amtrak is a rail service that connects the US and three Canadian provinces. Housing of newer construction also existed closer to the manor house and outdoor kitchen for enslaved domestics, buggy and carriage drivers, and the blacksmith. The zoo is open year-round. Best of luck with your research! Rockingham. This was about 72% of all the recorded Slave's in USA. Sunday 02/14/2021. Browse profiles of historical people with the Slave last name, This page needs Javascript enabled in order to work properly. In North Carolina, thehierarchyof domestic workers and field workers was not as developed as in the plantation system. Thus while only 31% of the families of North Carolina held slaves in 1790, the concentration of slaveholders and slaves appeared in counties where tobacco, rice and navel stores prospered. Both Warren and New Hanover counties, for instance, averaged 10.3 slaves per slaveholding family, while Halifax ranked next with 8.7. Nevada WebThese families began using slavery astheir primary means for profit. The joint operation of mother and son used the labor of slaves to produce 515 hogsheads of sugar in 1859. As in the colonial period, few North Carolina slaves lived on huge plantations. It would take 1 hour to go from Erie to Van Buren Bay and 59 minutes to go from Buffalo to Van Buren Bay. Vermont Justus Angel Men and women of color owning slaves was not so uncommon, even in 18th century South Carolina. Historical Census Browswer, University of Virginia Library. By 1800, there were around 140,000 blacks living in North Carolina. Records of slaves and free persons of color (Rockingham County, North Carolina), 1795 Recently, archaeologists from the Research Laboratories of Archaeology at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill have resumed archaeological research at Stagville.The artifacts and field notes from the Slave Cabin excavation are now accessible online, thanks to a re-cataloging project.A soil core survey has helped to determine that bulldozing did not strip all of the original deposits from the area between the Bennehan house and the Slave Cabin.Newly discovered activity areas in the fields beyond the Horton Grove house yards appear to date to the years of the quarters construction in the 1850s.A technique called LiDAR (for light detection and ranging) allows archaeologists to see through the tree canopy in the wooded portions of the former Bennehan/Cameron lands. Cameron Family Papers For lists of slaves on plantations in North Carolina, we suggest that the University of North Carolina Slave Database at, The National Endowment for the Humanities and the Hutchins Center for African and African American Research at Harvard have sponsored databases titled "Voyages: The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database" and "African Names Database" (see. ) The 1900 Census lists the members inIsrael Jacksons household click here:1900 Census Israel Jackson. A. Alamance County, North Carolina, Slave Owners (0, 4, 0) Alexander County, North Carolina, Slave Owners (0, 1, 0) Alleghany County, North Compare the weather today and the next four days in Erie, PA and Buffalo, NY: Planning on renting a car to go from Erie, PA to Buffalo, NY? Ohio Bus tickets from Buffalo to Erie. In the case of Bartlett_v_Strickland, Conservatives in the NC General Assembly sought to isolate the influence of Republicans and African Americans in New Hanover County by taking the northern two-thirds of the county and forming Pender County (8). Buy cheap bus tickets online from Buffalo, NY to Erie, PA and travel with Greyhound, Megabus and others. How much does it cost for a flight or road trip between Erie, PA and Buffalo, NY? Rome2rio also offers online bookings for selected operators, making reservations easy and straightforward. Slaves, as property, were named in these records and a value assigned for the purposed of probate. The bus usually takes around 1 hour 40 minutes to cover the 81 miles (130 kilometers) from Erie, PA to Buffalo, NY. You'll have just enough time for a small nap on this relatively short trip. New Hanover County Slave Deeds. Chandler Worley, Out of 938 slaveholders in the county, only 21 planters owned more than fifty enslaved persons, including children. WebThe Slave family name was found in the USA, the UK, Canada, and Scotland between 1840 and 1920. Erie to Buffalo train services, operated by Amtrak, depart from Erie Amtrak Station. Finding slaves and their enslavers is very difficult and takes a lot of luck. Census enumerators created slave schedules at the same time as population schedules. July can be a great time to fly to Buffalo from Erie with a flight ticket averaging about $279. Later, seventeen slaves, including. This one is from familysearch.org if you are not familiar with family search it is free all you have to do is register. It ends in Buffalo, New York. and 93 miles (149.67 kilometers) by car, following the I-90 E route. Category: Sampson County, North Carolina, Slavery. You are more likely to find a ticket at this price or lower if you book online in advance of your travel date. Faster. In 1860, Joseph M. Foy owned fifty-nine enslaved persons. , to John Cowan, Sr. on February 25, 1849. Another instance was recorded by Private John C. Fennel, a Confederate soldier stationed at Camp Heath in Scotts Hill. Yes, travel within United States is currently allowed. The enslaved at Poplar Grove held many roles on the plantation. CONTENT MAY BE COPYRIGHTED BY WIKITREE COMMUNITY MEMBERS. Delaware If you don't already have an account, click the button below to create one. One German traveler in the 1780s remarked while stranded in Edenton, NC, that No people can be so greedy after holidays, as the whites and blacks here, and none with less reason, for at not one time do they work so as to need a long rest. As one of the original thirteen colonies, South Carolina possesses a rich heritage of African American history. Building a Movement, Not Just Another Non-Profit. Tickets cost $16 - $24 and the journey takes 1h 50m. WebThis guide describes government records and finding aids at the South Carolina Department of Archives and History (SCDAH) for locating information about your ancestors. Because they lived on farms with smaller groups of slaves, the social dynamic of slaves in North Carolina was somewhat different from their counterparts in other states, who often worked on plantations with hundreds of other slaves. 7:20 AM 3:14 PM Amtrak. Slavery was also an investment. I'm from Illinois and unfamiliar with the roads in Buffalo.I'll be driving from Erie to Niagara Falls, and I'm wondering if the Buffalo Skyway (Rt 5) is a safe/quick way to get to there.I've read some differing reviews as to the safety of the highway. This is the fastest route from Buffalo, NY to Erie, PA. Manumission, the process to free a person enslaved, would have been very difficult and expensive for a planter in North Carolina due to a state law passed in 1830. Slaves were considered property so sales, or conveyances were recorded in these land/property records as Chattel. Census Records. Illinois Richard Bennehan, his wife Mary Amis, and children Rebecca and Thomas Dudley lived at Stagville along with the enslaved members of the household, a group that included 31 people in 1778. During the middle 20th century, a number of outbuildings (stables, barns, and quarters) were moved, demolished for lumber, or simply torn down. There are 80.71 miles from Erie to Buffalo in northeast direction Check out our hotel recommendations: If you want to meet halfway between Erie, PA and Buffalo, NY or just make a stop in the middle of your trip, the exact coordinates of the halfway point of this route are 42.450752 and -79.370445, or 42 27' 2.7072" N, 79 22' 13.602" W. This location is 46.39 miles away from Erie, PA and Buffalo, NY and it would take approximately 48 minutes to reach the halfway point from both locations. Soley, James Russel. It would appear that Joseph Mumford Foy employed the promise of being set free, as he did not make a practice of selling his enslaved, and seeks to ensure that such a practice continues even after his death, stating in his last will and testament that no negro is to be sold unless he becomes unmanageable or shall be guilty of some vicious habit.. Greyhound USA operates a bus from Buffalo, Ny to Erie, Pa 3 times a day. One exception was a survey prompted by the need to make repairs to the structure, including adding septic and a water line.

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