kankanaey culture and tradition

They must have performed acts of merit, made wise decisions, and led traditional rituals during their lifetimes. A specific god is consulted about the nature and cure of the particular sickness. Kankana-ey. The head of the household declares an abayas (holiday), which lasts two days. On this a pig is butchered and offered to the guardian deities of the village. Several types of economic activities, such as planting, harvesting, house building, or digging irrigation ditches, call for the performance of these rites. 1978. This, along with other reports of Cordillera chiefs and their slaves possessing gold, encouraged subsequent expeditions such as those led by Francisco de Sande in 1576, Juan Pacheco Maldonado in 1580, Luis Perez Dasmarias in 1591, Francisco de Mendoza in 1591, and Pedro Sid in 1591. Most of their income comes from tilling the fields. On the other hand, an appeasement ritual called Dilus is offered to the spirits that are easily hurt and cruel. [9], The Southern Kankana-eys have a long process for courtship and marriage which starts when the man makes his intentions of marrying the woman known to her. They are predominantly a nuclear family type (sinbe-ey,buma-ey, or sinpangabong), which are either patri-local or matri-local due to their bilateral kinship, composed of the husband, wife and their children. 2012. Flora and fauna are represented by the sopo, which resemble flowers, and the kulibangbang, which resembles butterflies. The northern and southern Kankanaey are physically and culturally alike, with similar institutions, beliefs, and practices. The shell is covered, and a prayer is recited over it. The bandala, worn by the men, is a dark blue blanket with white lines. The manpudpud (wise old women) specialized in curing illness and were gifted with the ability to talk to the spirits. Kankanaey communities are among the ethnolinguistic groups whose ritual and ceremonies are studied.5 In the Cordillera, the indigenous peoples have been influenced by the so-called megalithic culture complex, relating to or denoting prehistoric cultures. Contents 1 Demographics 2 Prehistory 3 Cultural 4 Dialect 5 Indigenous Kankanaey religion 5.1 Immortals 6 See also 7 References Demographics The telling and retelling of the origin of human beings and spirit-beings, as well as of the natural world, form the colorful body of oral tradition handed down through generations of Kankanaey. One of the ritual ceremonies already mentioned is the bayas. Balangbang is the modern word for Pattong. The tiktiko are either zigzag patterns representing mountains and forests, or crisscross patterns depicting rice mortars. In Bagnen, Bauko, Mt Province, the phases of agricultural cycle are the sama or sowing of seeds, starting in August; toned or transplanting in December; kames or weeding and putting up a kilkilaw (scarecrow), starting February of the next year; lugam or cleaning of the kabiti (stone wall), starting in April; and latab or harvesting, starting in June. Mopakenmi adadoenyo, tauaday piditenmi. This practically extended their authority to the political, economic, social, and religious aspects of society. The Bago Ballad of Delnagen and Annusan Lumawig. Philippine Studies 42 (2): 217-246. Northern Kalinga culture groups include Banao, Buaya, Dao-angan, Gubang, Mabaca, Poswoy, Salogsog, Ammacian, Ballayangon, Limos, Pinukpuk, Wagud, Allay / Kalakkad, Biga, Gamonang, Gobgob, Guilayon, Nanong, and Tobog. Japanese forces during World War II penetrated through the Mountain Province in February 1942. [13], The Northern Kankana-eys honor their dead by keeping vigil and performing the rituals sangbo (offering of 2 pigs and 3 chickens), baya-o (singing of a dirge by three men), menbaya-o (elegy) and sedey (offering of pig). The mamade or mamadur (agricultural shamans) presided over the elaborate rituals in connection with the seasonal rice crop. They are also into mining since the Kankanaey territory yields lots of minerals, particularly gold. They live in the mountainous regions of . Imagining th Igorot in Vernacular Films Produced in the Cordillera. The Cordillera Review 2 (2): 81-118. Primed and Purposeful: Armed Groups and Human Security Efforts in the Philippines. Eduardo Masferre and the Phillippine Cordillera. Philippine Studies 42 (3): 336351. There are no disc-shaped rat guards under the girders of the house. [8], The Northern Kankana-eys have rich material culture among which is the four types of houses: the two-story innagamang, binang-iyan, tinokbob and the elevated tinabla. In May 1572, Juan de Salcedo, grandson of Governor-General Miguel Lopez de Legazpi, led an expedition, which yielded 25 kilograms of gold three months later. The house has only one entrance, the front door, accessed through a slender detachable ladder. The lalakays word carried weight in community life, although not all elderly persons in a village could be acknowledged as a respected elderly person. The tattoo patterns are often also carved on the coffins containing the mummies. Fiction in the Traditional Kankanay Society by Norma N. Lua [1984]. Its roof drops down to about 1.5 meters from the ground, thus covering the house cage from view. Disease is attributed to the workings of malevolent spirits or angered deities. This caao or feast, the most important festival in northern Kankanaey society, is hosted by the kadangyan and involves the slaughter of many animals. The binangiyan is the durable example of a functional, all-purpose, practical indigenous dwelling, with plenty of living and storage space, sufficient protection against the rain, and insulation against the cold. Ibaloi and Kankanaey performing arts include the teaching of customary values, rituals and way of life in songs and dances. [3], The 2010 Philippines census counted 362,833 self-identifying Kankanaey and 67,763 self-identifying Applai. They would only do so, they said, if the Supreme Being could make them laugh, and thus the two siblings were tricked into marrying each other. The coffins are usually carved by their eventual occupants during their lifetimes. However, the more ancient northern Kankanaey were called Lepanto Igorot by the Spanish colonizers. The Spaniards came back in the first part of the 19th century, and established a comandancia de Lepanto (Lepanto military district) in 1852, measuring 2,167 square kilometers, bounded by Abra and Bontoc on the north, Benguet and Nueva Viscaya on the south, Bontoc and Kiangan (Quiangan) on the east, and Tiagan and Amburayan on the west. But as Annusan was performing the wedding dance, an enraged Delnagen came and attacked him. Sugarcane and tobacco used to be cultivated for domestic consumption but with the shift to cash economy, most fields are now planted with fruits and vegetables for commercial sale. In the Philippines, the Kankanaey, Bontok, Ifugao, and other Cordillera groups were integrated under the new politico-military dispensation. Thoughts? The girls are considered better practitioners of this musical art than the boys. The Spaniards went up the Cordillera in search of the fabled gold. Lewis, Paul M., Gary F. Simons, and Charles D. Fennig, eds. Traditionally, the man is expected to provide all the needs of the family, but women are increasingly contributing to the family finances through employment either in their hometowns or elsewhere. The spirit who causes the dangling stone to move is deemed the cause of the illness. The man offers firewood to the father of the woman, while the woman offers firewood to the mans father. The Kankanaey practice a great variety of rites and ceremonies. A megalithic culture has been characterized by the cultivation of soil Benguet: Dependency Ratio Down by Four Persons. NSO website, 26 April. [4][5][6] They might even reflect a better genetic match to the original Austronesian mariners than the aboriginal Taiwanese, as the latter were influenced by more recent migrations to Taiwan, whereas the Kankanaey are thought to have remained an isolated relict population. Most of the northern Kankanaey are located in the southwestern part of Mountain Province and inhabit the municipalities of Besao, Sagada, Tadian, Bauko, and Sabangan. In the past, this consisted of animals, precious heirloom beads, blankets, woven cloth, rice, and other valuables, the quantity depending on the wealth of the boys family or the demands of the girls family. Moss, Charles R. 1920. 1989. Their baskets are made of woven rattan, bamboo or anes, and come in various shapes and sizes. Agriculture is a year-round activity. These productions have similar themes as those produced by VVM, but other groups have ventured into generic themes that do not particularly take up matters of ethnic identity. The Tayaw is a community dance that is usually performed at weddings; it may be also danced by the Ibaloi people but has a different style. Tarektek (woodpecker) is a courtship dance that imitates the movements of the bird, with a blanket as prop. The mens headcloth is called the badbad or bedbed, made of either abel or kuba (bark). Baugio City: Private. The Cordillera mountains in central Luzon is the highest mountain range in the Philippines covering a massive geographic area. 2000. A variant of the getap called kinteg is indigo black, with white-and-blue bands. 2010. In Central Luzon, there are 4,980 Kakanaey in Nueva Ecija; 18,645 in San Fernando City in La Union; and 3,206 in Tarlac. The courtship and marriage process of the Northern Kankana-eys starts with the man visiting the woman of his choice and singing (day-eng), or serenading her using an awiding (harp), panpipe (diw-as), or a nose flute (kalelleng). VVM films that are in the Kankanaey language are Sabong di Kada (Flower of Kada), 1998; Adawag Ina (Mothers Plight), 1998; Din Sungbat (The Answer), 2003; Kedaw (Ask), 2007; and Din Pantaulian (The Returning), 2008. If the seedlings do not show any sign of improvement, the ritual is repeated, this time with more sacrificial chickens. The sinba-eys make up the dap-ay/ebgan which is the ward. The Soul Book. . The other ornamentation known to the Kankanaey is body tattooing. [Pasig City and Quezon City? These rock songs mix indigenous Kankanaey music traditions, such as the day-eng, and indigenous Kankanaey musical instruments, such as the gangsa, with classic rock elements and instruments. The same method of tattooing employed by the Ibaloy is used by the Kankanaey, which means adorning the arms from above the elbow down to the knuckles with elaborate, extensive tattoos made up of crisscross, horizontal, vertical, and curvilinear patterns. . Annusan revived him with a sponge bath, a massage, and a prayer. Ore veins are excavated, then crushed using a large flat stone (gai-dan). Other minor gods and the ailments they bring include liblibayan, spirits who cause pains in the abdomen; an-antipakao, spirits who create reddish spots all over the body; penten, spirits who cause accidental death; and kakading, souls of the dead who cause colds, headaches, or fever. A Kankanaey Igorot from the Cordillera in the Philippines, Minnie Degawan is Director of the Indigenous and Traditional Peoples Program at Conservation International, based at its international headquarters in Virginia, United States. Such stories would be less serious in tone and in subject than the stories told among adults. Published September 12, 2008 4:41pm. If the girl loses her momentum in the dialogue, she also loses the contest and must accept the boys proposal. The Kankanaey, referred to by outsiders and the Benguet-Lepanto Igorot as the busao (enemies) in the area, put up some resistance. Many of the stories are anchored on biblical passages presented in text and voice-over, either at the beginning or end of each film. the man brings logs or bundled firewood as a sign of his sincerity, the woman works on the mans fathers field with a female friend. Additionally, many Kankanaey have incorporated Christianity in their worship but many still do traditional pagan and animist rituals during big events and life changing moments; especially during the time of death. The original 34 villages of the northern Kankanaey, located on high slopes of the central Cordillera range, are concentrated near the Kayan-Bauko and Sumadel-Besao areas. Other traditional crafts include blacksmithing, basketry, and weaving. The apa and the allao, which are dwellings for the less prosperous Kankanaey, are built more simply than the binangiyan. The bindian or bendean is a combined victory or war dance and a festive dance in thanksgiving for good fortune, such as a bountiful harvest. Bello, Moises C. 1965. This is due to the belief that people should leave the world in the same position as they entered it, a tradition common throughout the various pre-colonial cultures of the Philippines. The eruption of war between Spanish and American forces and the subsequent war of independence waged by Filipino revolutionaries against the new colonial forces drew the involvement of the Igorot people. Manila: Central Bank of the Philippines, Ayala Museum. Located in Eastern Kalinga are the Dakalan, Gaang, Lubo, Majukayong, Mangali, and Taloktok culture groups. The Lepanto Igorot perform this dance primarily during the harvest season. A Kankanaey mestizo who has distinguished himself for his fine art photography is Eduardo Masferr, 1909-1995, born of a Spanish soldier and a Kankanaey named Cunyap, later christened Mercedes Pins. Baylas, Nathaniel IV, A., Teofina A. Rapanut, and Ma. A Peoples History of Benguet Province. There is much to be discussed about Apo Anno that is taboo. Then, when she was in the coffin and floating on the river, he revived her by blowing back life into her. The basic dance step consists of the stomping of the left foot. Womens accessories are collars made of brass or matted rattan; stone and seed bracelets; earrings of copper wire; and head decorations made of beads, beans, and grass. Until January 1990, when a road was built, one could only reach it by crossing Bakun River on foot. [2] The Kankanaey of the western Mountain Province are sometimes identified as Applai or Aplai. Pottery has been known for a long time, but recently, potters have been losing their livelihood or have seen it decline sharply because of the introduction of modern kitchenware from the lowlands. The Kankanaey use a small piece of wood they call gisi, to which are attached three iron points. The Kankanaey who live near streams or close to the water-filled rice terraces catch fish, which is not common fare in the mountains where the diet usually consists of rice, vegetables, and meat. This made them more susceptible than the Bontok, Ifugao, and other mountain people to external influence, though less vulnerable than the Tinguian and the Ibaloy who were even nearer and more accessible to both the Spanish colonial forces and the Filipino lowlanders and settlers. Feathers, leaves, and even carabao horns may be used to decorate this head cloth. Their society is divided into two social classes based primarily on the ownership of land: The rich (baknang) and the poor (abiteg or kodo). It is the women who have kept up this customary adornment, often sporting the tattoo on their forearms. The diviners are called manbaknao, manbuyun, or mansip-ok, depending on the particular medium or method used during the ritual. The kintoman, just as mentioned earlier, is more popularly known as red rice due to its color. Simpler rites, mainly for the purpose of divining the causes of illness, are also observed. Some of these rituals are pedit (to bring good luck to newlyweds), pasang (cure sterility and sleeping sickness, particularly drowsiness) and pakde (cleanse community from death-causing evil spirits). Bugan is often associated with Lawigan as his female counterpart, although she first appears in the cosmology as the sister-wife of Lumawigprobably a variant of Lawigan. They worship ancestors (anitos) and nature spirits. Relatives, villagers, and visitors from other places are all invited to the bayas ritual. 2A: Demographic and Housing Characteristics (Non-Sample Variables) - Philippines", "DNA reveals earliest Pacific Islander ancestors came from Asia", "Genomic insights into the peopling of the Southwest Pacific", "Multi-layered population structure in Island Southeast Asians", "Baguio eats: Head to this restaurant for a literal taste of blood", "Culture Shock A Study of Domestic Tourists in Sagada, Philippines", "The Hanging Coffins of Echo Valley, Sagada, Mountain Province", "The Recontextualization of Burik (Traditional Tattoos) of Kabayan Mummies in Benguet to Contemporary Practices", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kankanaey_people&oldid=1147978517, Lumawig: the supreme deity; creator of the universe and preserver of life, Bangan: the goddess of romance; a daughter of Bugan and Lumawig, Obban: the goddess of reproduction; a daughter of Bugan and Lumawig, Kabigat: one of the deities who contact mankind through spirits called anito and their ancestral spirits, Balitok: one of the deities who contact mankind through spirits called anito and their ancestral spirits, Wigan: one of the deities who contact mankind through spirits called anito and their ancestral spirits, Masaken: ruler of the underworld who interrupted the Timugan brothers, This page was last edited on 3 April 2023, at 09:42. The old tradition has not been inflexible. So they made a chicken jump by pulling out its feathers. The People and Art of the Philippines. They oversee the strict observance of the traditional practices, customs and traditions of the community, and they are sought for their advice and wise decisions during disputes. This is done whenever the bonabon seedlings show telltale signs of withering. Desirous of a peaceful and bountiful life, the Kankanaey utter the words Itunin sang kabunayen (Thank you, Kabunian) at every fortuitous turn of events (Demetrio et al. This childs descendants became the Igorot. The Kankanaey people are an Indigenous peoples of the Northern Philippines. Chickens are also sold for needed cash. The SLT on Bokoh-Making will benefit the youth of Brgy. The southern Kankanaey appear to be an expansion of the northern Kankanaey group. Lumawig and Bangan had four children in all. It used to be located right in the middle of a settlement. [8], For a living, the Northern Kankana-eys take part in barter and trade in kind, agriculture (usually on terraces), camote/sweet potato farming, slash-and-burn/swidden farming, hunting, fishing and food gathering, handicraft and other cottage industry. However, this authority was lost when many kadangyan-held lands were declared public property and large American companies staked their claim and took over the mines in the early decades of the 20th century. It is said, for instance, that vegetation breaks into flames at Gatans approach. The village elders may decide to hold the rites after the observance of a bagat (big feast) by a family to regain luck for the community. The myth of the origin of things and the way by which the external world is perceived and treated are tightly bound with the worship of the god Kabunian. However, though they do partake of the family meals and engage in all the family activities such as chores and religious practices, they are free to come and go as they please, and can opt to sleep elsewhere if they wish. Atom [10], Hanging coffins are one of the funerary practices among the Kankanaey people of Sagada, Mountain Province. The largest and most important of community celebrations among the Kankanaey is the pakde or begnas. During the precolonial up to the early 1900s, the kadangyan status among the Benguet Kankanaey was primarily based on ownership or control of gold mines. These spirits react angrily whenever people trespass on their territory. She has years of experience advocating for the greater recognition and respect of indigenous peoples' rights, and has participated in various policy-making . In child rearing, the man participates almost equally with the woman, often carrying the child in a sling on his back while at work in the yard or in the field. A joint undertaking of the Kabuyao Elementary School (KES) and the National Commission for Culture and the Arts (NCCA), the students spent 36 days to . The forebears of the northern Kankanaey started building rice terraces near the villages. After eight months, they left the United States on 13 November with a group of Visayans and Tinguian. Near this village is a sacred grove of trees used as a place for ritual sacrifices or performances. War and headhunting exploits, from which the elite drew prestige and status, ceased to be normal activities a long time ago. Video:Pakan Ritual - Kankana-ey ICCs/IPs of Bagulin, La Union. All of these burial customs require specific pre-interment rituals known as the sangadil. Like most ethnic groups, the Kankanaey built sloping terraces to maximize farm space in the rugged terrain of the A 700 to 900-year-old Kankanaey mummy in particular, nicknamed "Apo Anno", had tattoos covering even the soles of the feet and the fingertips. A group from Mankayan, Benguet, called the Indigenous Film Productions, and Tribal Cooperation for Rural Development (Tricord) from Nueva Vizcaya released their first productions in 2007. The supply of meat is supplemented with chickens and pigs. The baknang are the primary landowners to whom the abiteg render their services to. Tapey is served to the dancers, who perform in big circles, shuffling, sliding, and hopping. People in some districts were compelled by the Spanish authorities to grow coffee and tobacco for the colonial government. Soon after the ouster of Marcos in 1986, the new president Corazon Aquino signed a peace pact with the Cordillera Peoples Liberation Army (CPLA), an armed group that aimed for regional autonomy founded on the institutionalization of the bodong or peace pact. Animals are butchered and offered to the spirits believed to be the causes of ailments. In pain and defeat, Delnagen returned home. The skirt or tapis is a combination of stripes of black, white and red. The tattoo is pricked on the breasts and arms of men and women. [8], The Southern Kankanaey are one of the ethnolinguistic groups in the Cordillera. The coffins are placed underneath natural overhangs, either on natural rock shelves/crevices or on projecting beams slotted into holes dug into the cliff-side. Here are three examples: (A taro at Kamaligan cannot be moistened by rain. Among the southern Benguet Igorot, this festival is called chungas. Among them was the Kankanaey Dang-usan, who was married to Charles Pettit, an American soldier turned gold prospector in 1900 during the Philippine-American War. Respicio, Norma A. Some of the former American soldiers returned to the mountains in search of the gold they had heard so much about. Independence from the household was the normal course of a young boy or girl who had reached a certain age. The Americans established a local government and several regulatory agencies in order to secure its interests in the mineral-rich Cordilleras and to stop the growing number of miners from usurping higher authorities. Worcester, Dean C. 1906. Finally, the Kankana-ey are one of the few tribes who still practice a way of living more common in the old days, although is fast disappearing as well. Close to their dwellings, the Kankanaey maintain little orchards that supply fruit for their consumption as well as vegetable gardens and sweet potato patches. From their union came the first people of the earth. On the 3rd day, the deceased is made to sit on a chair, often strapped to it to keep the body upright. There are three main house types: the binangiyan, the apa or inapa, and the allao. Initial productions were screened in church gatherings and other community events until demand called for distribution of VCD copies and further productions. Kayamanan: Mai-Panoramas of Philippine Primeval. The socio-cultural changes are largely due to a combination of factors which include the change in the local government .

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