kamikaze language techniques

We are grateful to Mr. Takeshi Kawatoko of the Chiran Peace Museum, who generously shared with us a copy of Manual 1 and tirelessly advised us on the Japanese language of the time and the contextualized, implied meanings in the text. docx, 36.18 KB. When you begin your dive, you must harmonize the height at which you commence the final attack with your speed. Conclusion: Through the genre of procedure, the two manuals help legitimize and normalize an invariably suicidal act. Central to these analyses is a charge for technical communicators to accept the moral responsibility to bring humanity to the verbal and visual display of information (Dragga & Voss, 2003, pp. The logical and rhetorical constructions of procedural discourse. In 2002, Albert Axell and Hideaki Kase published translated-into-English excerpts from an 88-page manual dated May 1945, compiled by the Shimoshizu Air Unit in Chiba Prefecture, near Tokyo (p. 27). However, at least according to paragraph 36, only one plane was to attack each target, so it is possible that a given Togo pilot would not be able to glance at an allys plane for reassurance before the final approach. The New York Times. The personification of the winds for example brings an added dimension to the character of that element; snow is portrayed in unusual fashion - it is naturally white but in the poem 'seen' as black. A fascinating essay that looks into the Japanese attitude towards shame and honor. "Kamikaze" was written by contemporary British poet Beatrice Garland and published in The Invention of Fireworks (2013). This is where Manual 2 comes in with its dual mental/spiritual advice, deviating from mechanistic technique to offer emotional comfort. Still, the references to mental strength or will are a failsafe, in that the Togo high-level commander needed to monitor the pilots for potential lapses in willpower. With planes full of explosives and just enough fuel to make it to their target, kamikaze pilots had to fly directly at American warships to inflict maximum damagekilling themselves in the process. If there is a rhetorical situation where dehumanizing rhetoric is acceptable, ethically, then these texts, we suggest, are an intriguing place to start looking for it. The absence of doubt is substantial; the manual makes killing yourself for your country just another procedure. Sample Decks: WORDS, Language techniques or devices, grade 9 techniques/a-level Show Class English Lit - Poetry. Manning and Amare note in their treatment of technical communication ethics that If we define all of ethics, as Peirce does, as the reasoned choice of actions to attain reasonably chosen goals, then this . journey into history, but half way We suspect these simple images were copied to chalkboards for use in pilot instruction and their abstract nature kept discussion at the level of technique. Henning, T., & Bemer, A. The usefulness of prior examinations of instructional materials in the literature to our analysis is limited. There is no room or reason for deviance. . If it is inevitable and they become separated, the Togo troop commander needs to quickly [ishi o motte] (own a clear will) and continue moving forward. Technical Communication, 48(3), 265274. There is also a deeper, darker reading of brain-washing and state manipulation in the line. The pedagogy of manual writing can be enhanced by the use of such gripping examples, especially cross-culturally. The normalizing power of writing-from-a-distance in these manuals cannot be underestimated. Their attacks were unorthodox, but the equal of suicidal attacks has happened in wars throughout history. Teachit English termly planner Summer term 2023, King Charles III's coronation: write a factual account, Sporting success: speaking and listening activities, Remembering Queen Elizabeth II: tribute activities, Royal bylaws: speaking and listening task, Three royal speeches: Comprehension, comparison and analysis, Sandbox Learning Limiteds privacy notice. Cruel pies: The inhumanity of technical illustrations. It was first used to describe a series of typhoons (serious storms from the sea) that prevented two of Kublai Khan's attempts to invade Japan in the 13 th century. Thats 5 for as many resources as you can download with no limit! Included is a comparative activity linked to English Language Paper 2. Indeed, the pilots wife never spoke again in his presence and the children eventually learned to be silent. Teach your students to analyze literature like LitCharts does. Katzs (1992) analysis of a 1942 German technical memo that detailed how best to redesign trucks used for gassing Jews and undesirables to be more efficient is a good reference point. Axell, A., & Kase, H. (2002). Mohrmann, 1986, Quarterly Journal of Speech, 72, 377389), ____. (2016). It was first used to describe a series of typhoons (serious storms from the sea) that prevented two of Kublai Khans attempts to invade Japan in the 13th century. The poem exploresthe moment that the pilot's decision is made andthe consequences for him over the rest of his life. The table of contents (Figure 1) includes an overview, two chapters, and appendices. The repeated short imperative statements here, like in Manual 1, are effectively maxims, a terse declaration of essential wisdom and action. docx, 13.1 KB. This further enhances the sense of disconnect from the reader and the mans family. PDF downloads of all 1725 LitCharts literature guides, and of every new one we publish. If you want to see what we offer first,sign up for a free Twinkl account hereand take a look aroundat our free resources. So, this meant "god" or "god speaking.". (7) . Subscribe to Beyondfrom as little as 5 per month, giving you access to a range of resources. In a similar vein, Miller (1989) argues that professional communication is a matter of arguing toward the good of the community rather of constructing texts, but for the good of which community (p. 23)? Set around the time of the Iraq These three modes of communication; the mental/spiritual, the technical, and the vivid; blend together here to create compelling content. We suggest that manual writers today should be cognizant of precisely what they are making possible, and remember that what they view now as inevitable or necessary may be illusory or optional; indeed, the hypothetical and, from all sources at the time, certain ground invasion that drove the writing and consumption of these manuals never happened, due to Japans surrender in August 1945 after the American atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The real organization seems to be by paragraph, each numbered, with 49 paragraphs total. Kamikaze pilots were soldiers who flew aircraft loaded with explosives into enemy ships in suicide attacks. Journal of Technical Writing and Communication, 25(3), 261273. The last line of each stanza is noticeably shorter and indented which emphasises its importance. It is also part of the more. Throughout the poem the father/pilot is silent. It is always difficult to match documents to effect, but the relative success of the Togo squadrons suggests they played some persuasive role in ensuring discipline among pilots that were internally struggling with their impending deaths. Also, in February 1944, General Hideki Tojo, prime minister and head of the military, issued an emergency declaration, where he essentially stated that all of Japan had to be prepared to die, using the phrase ichioku gyokusai, 100 million shattering like a jewel (Sato, 2017). As such, the larger organizational strategy, or any graphics, are unavailable. thoughout the poem there is constant mention of the sea. In A. The pilots of these more conventional aircraft at least had a chance of returning to a carrier or airfield; the only chance for a Togo pilot to return was if he failed to locate a target. (p. 78). It is one of the poems in the AQA Anthology. Her research interests are in foreign language education in U.S. contexts and language acquisition of immigrants from Japan and the Arab world. While there were still thousands of Japanese warplanes left, since the disastrous Battle of Midway in 1942, there had been a severe shortage of skilled pilots that was now crippling the war effort. For this activity, you will need to turn to the poem 'Kamikaze' by Beatrice Garland, which can be found in the Power and Conflict section of your Anthology. Furthermore, we suggest that, even early on, Manual 1 represents what we call, for lack of a better term, a closed procedure. The Japanese army and navy in WWII, through the Senjinkun and propaganda, were quick to link the sense of duty in bushido to the war effort. The typical Togo pilot was from the upper ranks of university students in intelligence, sensitivity, and culture and most were volunteers. Comparisons and. . In this poem, the poet uses the themes of the brutality of war, destruction, death, terror, impassivity, and ignorance. As such, Manual 2 seems aware of the need to bridge across an interim state of confidence. De Velasco, J. The only discretion allowed Togo pilots is being able to return when they are unable to locate the target or targets: (23) If it is inevitable that the [Togo troop] returns due to conditions, especially the interference of the weather, being unable to find the target, etc., Togo in-air workers, without being disappointed, need to be prepared for the next attack with even a stronger ishi (will) . Mohrmann. Farkas, D. K. (1999). From the creators of SparkNotes, something better. 4. of, pertaining to, undertaken by, or characteristic of a kamikaze. The Asia-Pacific Journal, 12(48), 122. He set out on his suicide mission one sunrise. His work on rhetoric and technical communication has appeared in College English, JAC, Rhetoric Society Quarterly, Philosophy & Rhetoric, Rhetorica, BPCQ, and Informal Logic, and he has co-edited the collection The Centrality of Style. It offers an exhortation to willpower and action while simultaneously not offering much detail, chiefly as one cannot practice a Togo mission like other airplane maneuvers. Author. Bernhardts manual analysis would be enriched, for example, when placed against a contrast such as the Tigerfibel and Pantherfibel manuals (which used sex as well as elaborate rhyming to entice reading) issued to German tank crews in WWII. Garland discusses the poem in this short interview. Her research interests include workplace literacy, collaborative writing, and visual design. A bargain and a time-saver all in one! Even the thoughts about what was seen below his plane are actually the daughters. Each, along with the imperative text, contributes to an abstracted, clinical perspective that dehumanizes and renders abstract the horrific act of these pilots suicides. The instructions in these two manuals present an extreme example for ethics; namely, is killing yourself and others ethical? The powerful incantations line gives a reader a sense of the mystical and almost fanatical nature of the way the pilots were prepared for their journeys. We feel it is important to subject wartime documents to rhetorical analysis so that their rhetorical maneuvers are left transparent to history, and especially for the benefit of those who may write such military discourse in the future. The aircraft were often modified to hold explosives and bombs, carrying only enough fuel to reach their target. Personification 13. The word kamikaze means divine wind in Japanese. Things made by words: Reflections on textual criticism. The two manuals are gripping case studies for discussion of ethical technical communication across cultures, in situational context, and as instructional genre, illustrating the power of written procedure to facilitate extreme acts. Verification step and personal stories in an instruction manual for seniors: Effects on confidence, motivation, and usability. The concept of "god" was originally represented only by the right part, . This complex task was chiefly undertaken by one of the authors who is a native Japanese speaker; her credentials also include a Ph.D. in literacy, culture, and language education and experience teaching multiple levels of Japanese. University of Chicago Press. This blog explores the poem Kamikaze by Beatrice Garland, covering: Kamikaze is an early 21st century poem by the English poet, Beatrice Garland. Instead, as in Dive, the reader sees a simple triangle, with the hypotenuse being the path of the plane. We're here to help each child succeed. Kamikaze by Beatrice Garland A poem about a kamikaze pilot who returns home and faces rejection. 30a tuna, the dark prince, muscular, dangerous. (49) Although it is the responsibility of the guiding plane to confirm the result of the battle of Togo troop, depending on the conditions of the battle, weather, degrees of brightness or darkness, etc. Technical Communication Quarterly, 14(2), 197214. The desired state is the destruction of the target vessel; the prerequisite state is locating the target; the interim states are getting into position to attack; unwanted states include making a bad approach that misses the target (Farkas, 1999; van der Meij & Gellevvij, 2004) or questioning the mission. It is an honor to be able to give my life in defense of these beautiful and lofty things (Feifer, 2012, p. 157). A sampling follows: (30) In the case of surprise attack, a very low altitude horizontal attack is to be [made] when the height of clouds is low, at night, at dawn, at dusk, or when using airplane types such as airplane 67 or airplane 45, etc., and in responding to the conditions at the time, [the troop] is to do a dive or a horizontal crash. This character originally looked a little more like lightening, which represented the ancient belief that such night-splitting events marked the arrival of a god. And though he Rhyme 10. Proverb 5. We have reproduced them here as they are presented in Axell and Kases manuscript. Were the goals reasonable in this case? Feifer, G. (2012). If it were completely focused on officers, the manual would have concentrated more on matters of discipline; as is, the document is a blend between action and motivation. Through the pictures taken by the photographer, the poet presents how shocking the effect of war is. His email address is [email protected]. Realistically, in such a stressful moment, few pilots followed all these instructions to the letter; however, the manuals presence in training would increase the chances of some directives being remembered and followed and thus increase the chances of a successful attack. Visual-rhetoric ethics: Beyond accuracy and injury. This makes us feel a part of the pilots daughters reminiscences as she explains to her own children what her father must have felt like as he progressed on his suicide mission. Manua1 1 is 22 pages long on 5-inch x 3.5-inch paper. Prepare GCSE English students for their AQA English Literature Paper 2 exam with Beyonds series of revise blogs, which delve into the detail of key syllabus texts. The poem's content, ideas, language and structure are explored. Teachers of instructional writing have countless choices when it comes to providing real-world examples of genre, but few examples are as gripping, ethically problematic, and dramatic as these. Get started for free to track progress, measure results and access thousands of educational activities in English, maths and science. The emphasis on mental power and will is telling; we would not see this in a pilots manual that did not assume the pilot was going to die. The year of the kamikaze. This distancing move may or may not have been intentional but, regardless, a dialogue about the spatial proximity of visuals and the text they supplement is an essential one in which students should participate. We're here to help your child succeed. Of particular interest, given the growing interest in intercultural rhetorics, would be not only drawing further attention to the context of military documentation but how different militaries have taken differing approaches to the same mundane task. thought the poem there are repeated referances to family. For this reason, the indirect guard force and the direct guard force need to exert [effort in] confirming the battle result as much as they can. The theme of national identity can also be explored in the poem Checking Out Me History, The Emigre or The Charge of the Light Brigade. The title refers to Japanese pilots during World War II tasked with flying a suicide mission. Overall, during the war, Japanese pilots flew over 2,500 suicide sorties (missions with multiple planes and pilots, and not counting escorts or observers), sinking 33 American ships, killing 4,900 American sailors and wounding 4,800, with about 4,000 Japanese pilots lost (Correll, 2015). More Poems by Garland There is a brief glimpse of possible empathy in passage 3, as noted before, but it seems to be a slip of an otherwise authoritative mask. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Beatrice Garland, 'Kamikaze' - Context, 'Kamikaze' - Language techniques and more. Gellevij, M., & van der Meij, H. (2002). It is unclear who launched the first kamikaze attack, but they seem to originate spontaneously in mid-late 1944. Like what you see? We are not equating these with the Togo, but it is, again, hard to distance ourselves from the emotion inherent in an act that demonstrates a near-total disregard for self, even when the testimony of the pilot diaries suggests this was often a fatalistic veneer constructed to deal with an effectively inescapable fate. American forces were about to land on Okinawa, which was adjacent to the Japanese home islands, and few Japanese naval vessels remained to oppose them. In these two cases, the manuals exhibit clear rhetorical strategies toward engaging their audiences: the young, inexperienced, and bushido-motivated Togo pilots, and their officers, charged with nothing less than successfully killing both the enemy and their own personnel. Simple sentences 11. 'green blue translucent sea'. Language Techniques: Symbolism (geographical location), Imagery (paints a picture of his departure), Word Choice (allusion to being brainwashed), Metaphor, Simile (positive connotations), Simile, Symbolism (eternity connotations), Symbolism, Imagery, Italics, Sibilance, Word choice, Punctuation , Examples (direct quotes): Sunrise, Her father . Japanese commanders did not know the atomic bomb that would destroy Hiroshima and Nagasaki was coming, so they were facing, in their minds, a near-certain conventional invasion. Teacher Editions with classroom activities for all 1725 titles we cover. Therefore, the chief agency of these attacks is not in the hands of the individual pilots but their commanders and the authors of these manuals. Conscientious objectors did not exist. These two Japanese military manuals, written to facilitate suicide attacks in wartime, serve as exemplar case studies of ethical extremes in technical communication. We were nearly run down by a kamikaze on a motorcycle. The poems use strong imagery to describe howfamilies are destroyed by the end of the poem and will never be the same again. This poem tells the story of akamikaze pilot who, unlike many of his comrades,turns back from his target and returns home. In the following questions, you will be asked to analyse the language devices used in the poem. It is like a long shot in a movie suddenly turning into a close-up and the scene expands in your face. On the question of visuals, Dragga and Voss (2001) advocate that technical communicators should genuinely integrate words and pictures instead of simply juxtaposing the two on the page or screen (p. 271). We surmise that Togo squadrons had some version of both Manual 1 and Manual 2, then, to reinforce this dual argumentative strategy. Worksheet. And the living embodiment of all wonderful things from our past is the Imperial Family, which is also the crystallization of the splendor and beauty of Japan and its people. 7879). kamikaze one of a group of Japanese WW2 pilots who flew on suicide missions samurai sword a traditional Japanese sword cairns piles of stones, usually to mark something breakers waves that hit the shoreline what is this poem about The poem opens with a kamikaze pilot setting off on his mission.

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