They provide opportunity for the prospective participants to ask questions and receive answers. Presentation Outline. Competence nervously as they delivered increasingly intense FUNDAMENTALLY Research Ethics are: a way of conducting the research enterprise such that the three fundamental principles of research (respect, beneficence and justice) are upheld. People often tend to hold one of three general approaches to resolving ethical issues about research. To proceed ethically it is important for social researchers to bear in mind that their first obligation is to those persons who cooperate with and participate in the research process, and that it is their interests that first must be considered during the preparatory stages of program development. Attitudes about People are more likely to fund a research project if they can trust the quality and integrity of research. Participation, Standard 8: Research & Publication 3.) PDF | On Sep 3, 2019, Dr. Don Vicente Carballo-Real published RESEARCH ETHICS POWERPOINT | Find, read and cite all the research you need on ResearchGate (Orlans, 1993), Time & effort Before sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal government site. Objectivity As research activity in social work has increased, so has attention to ethics in research. (g) When it is appropriate that an animal's life be terminated, psychologists proceed rapidly, with an effort to minimize pain and in accordance with accepted procedures.8.10 Reporting Research Results(a) Psychologists do not fabricate data. Falsification is manipulating research materials, equipment, I am still looking for an article using inductive methods that is of reasonable length. community member not associated with (See also Standard 8.02a, Informed Consent to Research. Identify the relevant ethical issues 3 General approaches to resolving ethical UDMs IACUC, Cost/Risk: High Whether or not the IRB uses an expedited or full review process, the research must satisfy the following requirements.1.) oSEi;PPJ`b"~!9D&k15;0QM 5D%cE JBu(tvAW2)E'{61-TYG)UA'C:]" *bRiQ$39|g- Ethical norms are so ubiquitous that one might be tempted to regard them as simple commonsense. Objectivity Strive to avoid bias in experimental design, data analysis, data interpretation, peer review, personnel decisions, grant writing, expert testimony, and other aspects of research where objectivity is expected or required. Primary investigator contact info Description: Chapter 3: Ethical issues in social research Voluntary participation No harm to participants Tuskegee experiments Stanford Prison Experiment: students assumed roles . Intellectual Property Life with colleagues Principle A: Beneficence & Nonmaleficence Or perhaps a university administrator sees no ethical problem in taking a large gift with strings attached from a pharmaceutical company. He has only 5 mice left to test. UTILITARIANISM maintains that judgments regarding the ethics of a particular action depend on the CONSEQUENCES of the action. ETHICAL SKEPTICISM asserts that concrete and inviolate moral codes such as those proclaimed by deontology cannot be formulated. When conducting research on human subjects, minimize harms and risks and maximize benefits; respect human dignity, privacy, and autonomy; take special precautions with vulnerable populations; and strive to distribute the benefits and burdens of research fairly. techniques Human Subjects Protection When conducting research on human subjects, minimize harms and risks and maximize benefits; respect human dignity, privacy, and autonomy; take special precautions with vulnerable populations; and strive to distribute the benefits and burdens of research fairly. Respect for colleagues The aims of this study were to Ethical Issues in Social Science Research in Developing Countries discussed in the literature. Anirban Banerjee. Key words: A history of debriefing in social psychology. Dr. T's error is not misconduct nor is his decision to take no action to correct the error. Download to read offline. Another example where there may be some ignorance or mistaken traditions is conflicts of interest in research. Tuskeegee syphilis study (1932-1972) Human Subjects, in a research paper Legality Know and obey relevant laws and institutional and governmental policies. That is, animals may not be brought on campus to be held while awaiting the approval of the Protocol procedures.Those preparing the Protocol are urged to contact the IACUC Chair as often as necessary in order to assure that the forms are completed properly.For copies of Protocol forms and supplements, and for additional information about the IACUC, please contact the IACUC Chair:Fr. coercion, properly formulated when appropriate, there are adequate provisions to protect the privacy of subjects and maintain the confidentiality of data. In these activities psychologists do not steal, cheat, or engage in fraud, subterfuge, or intentional misrepresentation of fact. Negative stereotypes for the profession, Knowledge References Dogs & Cats in Primates in 1.) After considering all of these questions, one still might find it difficult to decide what to do. Consider the following case: Dr. T has just discovered a mathematical error in his paper that has been accepted for publication in a journal. Ss privacy protected & confidentiality of Requesting psychologists obtain prior written agreement for all other uses of the data.8.15 ReviewersPsychologists who review material submitted for presentation, publication, grant, or research proposal review respect the confidentiality of and the proprietary rights in such information of those who submitted it. treatment )(b) If psychologists discover significant errors in their published data, they take reasonable steps to correct such errors in a correction, retraction, erratum, or other appropriate publication means.8.11 PlagiarismPsychologists do not present portions of another's work or data as their own, even if the other work or data source is cited occasionally.8.12 Publication Credit(a) Psychologists take responsibility and credit, including authorship credit, only for work they have actually performed or to which they have substantially contributed. A confederate posed as another participant )(d) Psychologists make reasonable efforts to minimize the discomfort, infection, illness, and pain of animal subjects. DEVELOPMENT AND SOCIAL WORK Carefulness Avoid careless errors and negligence; carefully and critically examine your own work and the work of your peers. Fabrication is making up data or results and recording or The .gov means its official. Animal Care (Shaughnessy, Zechmeister, & Zechmeister, 2003) No more than minimal risk risks to subjects are reasonable in relation to anticipated benefits, if any, to subjects, and the importance of the knowledge that may reasonably be expected to result.3.) ON THE OTHER HAND, behavioral scientists also have an obligation to protect the rights and welfare of the human and nonhuman participants they study. Openness Share data, results, ideas, tools, resources. informed consent Principle C: Integrity Ethical guidelines 5. The error does not affect the overall results of his research, but it is potentially misleading. Justice. ownership Non-Discrimination Ethical research must conform with the national and international accords and prescripts. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely. According to ethical skepticism, ethical decisions must be a matter of the individuals conscience: One should do what one thinks is right and refrain from doing what one thinks is wrong. Keep good records of research activities, such as data collection, research design, and correspondence with agencies or journals. While an economist might examine the cost and benefits of various policies related to global warming, an environmental ethicist could examine the ethical values and principles at stake. Do not use unpublished data, methods, or results without permission. participants. 4. Broader ethical rules, such as openness and respect for credit and intellectual property, may also apply to this case. Relying upon General Principles for either of these reasons distorts both their meaning and purpose.Principle A: Beneficence and NonmaleficencePsychologists strive to benefit those with whom they work and take care to do no harm. Carefulness Coercion to participate e.g., children useful and of service and value to social work (b) Psychologists trained in research methods and experienced in the care of laboratory animals supervise all procedures involving animals and are responsible for ensuring appropriate consideration of their comfort, health, and humane treatment. It is important to understand that well meaning people may strongly disagree about the ethics of particular research procedures. Headlines of scientific misconduct such as this often grab our attention and make many think that the majority of those who commit ethical violations in research are apprehended and punished, the reality is that the majority of transgressions are much more mundane and banal, and the majority slip through the cracks and are not noticed or punished. Psychologists strive to be aware of the possible effect of their own physical and mental health on their ability to help those with whom they work.Principle B: Fidelity and ResponsibilityPsychologists establish relationships of trust with those with whom they work. When these two obligations coincide, few ethical issues arise. Avoid or minimize bias or self-deception. The journal editor distributes the article to experts working in the same, or similar, Plagiarism is the appropriation of another persons ideas, Honestly report data, results, methods and procedures, and publication status. In order to avoid embarrassment, Dr. T decides to ignore the error. Ludicrous cases of informed consent However, when the researchers obligations to science and society conflict with obligations to protect the rights and welfare of research participants, the researcher faces an ethical dilemma. Openness references three Keep good records of research activities, such as data collection, research design, and correspondence with agencies or journals. The site is secure. If you feel this way, relax. Psychologists try to eliminate the effect on their work of biases based on those factors, and they do not knowingly participate in or condone activities of others based upon such prejudices. Not only do people disagree about the ethics of particular research procedures, but also they often disagree about the fundamental ethical principles that should be used to make ethical decisions. . provides guidelines Maybe a physician thinks that it is perfectly appropriate to receive a $300 finders fee for referring patients into a clinical trial. Only researchers who are morally corrupt, economically desperate, or psychologically disturbed commit misconduct. Respect for Intellectual Property Honor patents, copyrights, and other forms of intellectual property. When assigning participants to program groups, keep in mind that participation in the research with what is good and An official website of the United States government. They are concerned about the ethical compliance of their colleagues' scientific and professional conduct. UDMs IRB, Care And Use Ethical Issues in Human Subjects Research Judy Stone, MD Milestones in Ethical Development Milestones in Ethical Development 1953 NIH policy, the first U.S. federal policy introducing independent reviewers to examine research, forerunners of the IRBs 1963-66 Willowbrook Study, involving hepatitis research on mentally retarded children, raising issues access to care, consent, and coercion . Peaceful civil disobedience is an ethical way of protesting laws or expressing political viewpoints. Research with Ethical Issues in Social Research Voluntary participation No harm to participants Anonymity and confidentiality Ethical Issues in Social Research Deception must be justified by compelling scientific concerns. Those of you who are taking or have taken courses in research ethics may be wondering why you are required to have education in research ethics. Many government agencies have ethics rules for funded researchers. The rate of misconduct has been estimated to be as low as 0.01% of researchers per year (based on confirmed cases of misconduct in federally funded research) to as high as 1% of researchers per year (based on self-reports of misconduct on anonymous surveys). Give proper acknowledgement or credit for all contributions to research. What is Ethics in Research & Why is it Important? with minimal, acknowledged biases and limitations, WORK RESEARCH Determine what is at stake Scientific research ethics vary by discipline and by country, and this analysis sought to understand those variations. She has an impressive dataset that includes information on demographics, environmental exposures, diet, genetics, and various disease outcomes such as cancer, Parkinsons disease (PD), and ALS. On the one hand, the ethical norm of openness obliges her to share data with the other research team. It is too early to tell. There are many other activities that the government does not define as "misconduct" but which are still regarded by most researchers as unethical. Waiver will not adversely affect rights/welfare Application Due Dates: October 19 2020, February 17 2021, June 17 2021, October 19 2021, February 17 2022, June 17 2022, October 19 2022, February 17 2023, June 19 2023. 1% regretful, 2004) Responsible Mentoring the issue of inductive vs. deductive research, the use the issue of inductive vs. deductive research, the use of theories, and ethical issues. Although most people acquire their sense of right and wrong during childhood, moral development occurs throughout life and human beings pass through different stages of growth as they mature. First, norms promote the aims of research, such as knowledge, truth, and avoidance of error. There is even a specialized discipline, research ethics, which studies these norms. 3.) Many bad decisions are made as a result of poor information. Psychologists consult with, refer to, or cooperate with other professionals and institutions to the extent needed to serve the best interests of those with whom they work. Obtaining informed consent 8.01 Institutional ApprovalWhen institutional approval is required, psychologists provide accurate information about their research proposals and obtain approval prior to conducting the research. Ethical Issues in Social Research (slide 4 of 7) Anonymity and Confidentiality Anonymity - Guaranteed in a research project when neither the researchers nor the readers of the findings can identify a given response with a given respondent. Justice Research cannot be conducted without potential risks vs. benefits of participating in a study 3500000 Show proper respect and care for animals when using them in research. (See also Standard 5.01a, Avoidance of False or Deceptive Statements. Do not conduct unnecessary or poorly designed animal experiments. shocks Respect for Persons Privacy and It is important to remember, however, that misconduct occurs only when researchers intend to deceive: honest errors related to sloppiness, poor record keeping, miscalculations, bias, self-deception, and even negligence do not constitute misconduct. bad and with moral duty procedures (b) When research participation is a course requirement or an opportunity for extra credit, the prospective participant is given the choice of equitable alternative activities.8.05 Dispensing with Informed Consent for ResearchPsychologists may dispense with informed consent only (1) where research would not reasonably be assumed to create distress or harm and involves (a) the study of normal educational practices, curricula, or classroom management methods conducted in educational settings; (b) only anonymous questionnaires, naturalistic observations, or archival research for which disclosure of responses would not place participants at risk of criminal or civil liability or damage their financial standing, employability, or reputation, and confidentiality is protected; or (c) the study of factors related to job or organization effectiveness conducted in organizational settings for which there is no risk to participants' employability, and confidentiality is protected or (2) where otherwise permitted by law or federal or institutional regulations.8.06 Offering Inducements for Research Participation(a) Psychologists make reasonable efforts to avoid offering excessive or inappropriate financial or other inducements for research participation when such inducements are likely to coerce participation. However, very little evidence is available on their effectiveness to increase compliance and on how taxpayers respond to these changes. interests or obligations Practical outcomes Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Note that animals may not be brought on any of the University campuses before IACUC approval has been obtained. Many of the deviations that occur in research may occur because researchers simply do not know or have never thought seriously about some of the ethical norms of research. Tom has almost finished the experiment for Dr. Q. Ideally, a person who makes a decision in an ethical dilemma should be able to justify his or her decision to himself or herself, as well as colleagues, administrators, and other people who might be affected by the decision. Indeed, in the last century, many social reformers have urged citizens to disobey laws they regarded as immoral or unjust laws. (See also Standard 6.05, Barter with Clients/Patients.). Was not adequately prepared Ethics are norms of conduct that distinguish between acceptable and unacceptable behavior. misconduct Disclose methods, materials, assumptions, analyses, and other information needed to evaluate your research. that the research is not accurately represented in the Do not deceive colleagues, research sponsors, or the public. Confidentiality, 500000 Interest management Reduction She receives a request from another research team that wants access to her complete dataset. )8.08 Debriefing(a) Psychologists provide a prompt opportunity for participants to obtain appropriate information about the nature, results, and conclusions of the research, and they take reasonable steps to correct any misconceptions that participants may have of which the psychologists are aware. 1500000 and unscientific disciplines There is the belief that that the potential benefits of a particular action should be weighed against the potential costs. Visit Joinastudy.niehs.nih.gov to see the various studies NIEHS perform. Psychological risk (anxiety, depression, for the responsible To know what to do, Dr. Wexford needs to have more information concerning such matters as university or funding agency or journal policies that may apply to this situation, the team's intellectual property interests, the possibility of negotiating some kind of agreement with the other team, whether the other team also has some information it is willing to share, the impact of the potential publications, etc. That's just the way it's done, one might argue. A researcher may think that a "normal" or "traditional" financial relationship, such as accepting stock or a consulting fee from a drug company that sponsors her research, raises no serious ethical issues. 8.07 Deception in Research(a) Psychologists do not conduct a study involving deception unless they have determined that the use of deceptive techniques is justified by the study's significant prospective scientific, educational, or applied value and that effective nondeceptive alternative procedures are not feasible. obtain reactions An action may be legal but unethical or illegal but ethical. In respect to 8.07 Deception in Research National Institutes of Health Science, Kalutara. Approaches to Ethical Decisions Balancing obligations to science & society with protecting rights & welfare of participants. Responsible Conduct of Research, 3rd ed. Discuss Ethics and the Research Process. (c) Psychologists ensure that all individuals under their supervision who are using animals have received instruction in research methods and in the care, maintenance, and handling of the species being used, to the extent appropriate to their role. Cost/Risk: Low Cost/Risk: Low One possible option is to share data, provided that the investigators sign a data use agreement. These meetings are listed in the NIEHS Events Calendar and are open to the general public. Manage resources honestly NIEHS intramural scientists have defined descriptive terms of particular relevance to their own research, and have ranked those terms accordingly. Watercolor Flowers Ethics & Values Booklet. Introduction Ethics is study of morality - careful & systematic reflection on & analysis of moral decisions & behavior, whether past, present or future. Dr. Wexford was planning to conduct a study on this topic. A national survey, Publishing the same paper in two different journals without telling the editors, Submitting the same paper to different journals without telling the editors, Not informing a collaborator of your intent to file a patent in order to make sure that you are the sole inventor, Including a colleague as an author on a paper in return for a favor even though the colleague did not make a serious contribution to the paper, Discussing with your colleagues confidential data from a paper that you are reviewing for a journal, Using data, ideas, or methods you learn about while reviewing a grant or a papers without permission, Trimming outliers from a data set without discussing your reasons in paper, Using an inappropriate statistical technique in order to enhance the significance of your research, Bypassing the peer review process and announcing your results through a press conference without giving peers adequate information to review your work, Conducting a review of the literature that fails to acknowledge the contributions of other people in the field or relevant prior work, Stretching the truth on a grant application in order to convince reviewers that your project will make a significant contribution to the field, Stretching the truth on a job application or curriculum vita, Giving the same research project to two graduate students in order to see who can do it the fastest, Overworking, neglecting, or exploiting graduate or post-doctoral students, Failing to maintain research data for a reasonable period of time, Making derogatory comments and personal attacks in your review of author's submission, Promising a student a better grade for sexual favors, Making significant deviations from the research protocol approved by your institution's Animal Care and Use Committee or Institutional Review Board for Human Subjects Research without telling the committee or the board, Not reporting an adverse event in a human research experiment, Exposing students and staff to biological risks in violation of your institution's biosafety rules, Rigging an experiment so you know how it will turn out, Making unauthorized copies of data, papers, or computer programs, Owning over $10,000 in stock in a company that sponsors your research and not disclosing this financial interest, Deliberately overestimating the clinical significance of a new drug in order to obtain economic benefits. Ethical Skepticism This may require careful weighing of Compromising the validity of a study R. Gerard Albright, [email protected]. Integrity Competence (b) Psychologists do not deceive prospective participants about research that is reasonably expected to cause physical pain or severe emotional distress. General Principles, in contrast to Ethical Standards, do not represent obligations and should not form the basis for imposing sanctions. Respect your colleagues and treat them fairly. 2.) Read latest updates in our monthlyGlobal Environmental Health Newsletter. Participants who are unable to give They conduct the research in accordance with the approved research protocol.8.02 Informed Consent to Research (a) When obtaining informed consent as required in Standard 3.10, Informed Consent, psychologists inform participants about (1) the purpose of the research, expected duration, and procedures; (2) their right to decline to participate and to withdraw from the research once participation has begun; (3) the foreseeable consequences of declining or withdrawing; (4) reasonably foreseeable factors that may be expected to influence their willingness to participate such as potential risks, discomfort, or adverse effects; (5) any prospective research benefits; (6) limits of confidentiality; (7) incentives for participation; and (8) whom to contact for questions about the research and research participants' rights. 8.01 Institutional Approval Assent from participant Confidentiality Issues in social work research 4. Another way of defining 'ethics' focuses on the disciplines that study standards of conduct, such as philosophy, theology, law, psychology, or sociology. the risks to subjects are minimized by using procedures which are consistent with sound research design and which do not unecessisarily expose subjects to risk, and whenever appropriate, by using procedures already being performed for diagnostic or treatment purposes.2.) According to the "bad apple" theory, most scientists are highly ethical. report truthful and accurate data, but he might be conflicted if Identify alternative methods or differences of opinion. Non-Discrimination Avoid discrimination against colleagues or students on the basis of sex, race, ethnicity, or other factors that are not related to their scientific competence and integrity. PEER RESPONSES DUE IN 16 HOURSGuided Response Respond to a .docx. 1/24/2021 12 Contact Information . issues -. Risks/benefits Presentation Outline. Research misconduct does not include honest error or Honesty Strive for honesty in all scientific communications. How confidentiality will be handled Humphreyss (1970) tearoom study It was not until 1997 that the government issued an official apology. data and Benefits for research participants, always better Tx Know the facts experimentation, beneficence to participants. HS Give proper acknowledgement or credit for all contributions to research. thoughts, pictures, theories, Although codes, policies, and principles are very important and useful, like any set of rules, they do not cover every situation, they often conflict, and they require considerable interpretation. 10. He or she should be able to articulate reasons for his or her conduct and should consider the following questions in order to explain how he or she arrived at his or her decision: . ethical issues during research in social work, Group work in Correctional & Industrial settings, Social Group Work-Social Work with Groups, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR at RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY, ARUNACHAL PRADESH, Social Group Work with Educational Setting, Social Group Work in Community setting by Anshu. benefits For example, some unethical authorship practices probably reflect traditions and practices that have not been questioned seriously until recently. Republicans' views have shown far less change over time: Currently, 38% of Republicans say abortion should be legal in all or most cases, nearly identical to the 39% who said this . Replacement Offer the new Tx Protect confidential communications, such as papers or grants submitted for publication, personnel records, trade or military secrets, and patient records.
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ethical issues in social research ppt
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