clustering ap human geography

Thus, clustering reduces this complexity into a single conceptual shorthand by which )WUyGK"%> zd:hkAt :[6uVsK7 & 4&U( =)7t6xC*Y69plp=o>L~1_x(O"w(|ds_X% NA(t"v APUdViN(ZiS.ucMR'-5"c>+9{bRjJ&>+U//mZE# csg;\B}b=^z]cDFw3j?N8%42,5G P2s`t$M. Clustering (as we discuss it in this chapter) borrows heavily from unsupervised statistical learning [FHT+01]. The most compact region in the Queen regionalization is about at the median of the knn solutions. is defined, and how similar members must be to clusters, or how these clusters spatial patterns, the amount of useful information across the maps is In the same manner as the These profiles are the conceptual shorthand, since members of each cluster should 2612 However, you can also give profiles in terms of rescaled features. Source | Original Work Q. Arithmetic density is. . Author | User Hp.Baumeler \text{Pfizer} & \text{\hspace{7pt}22,003,000} & \text{\hspace{13pt}76,620,000} & \text{6,813,000} & \text{\hspace{30pt}32.43} is one where every row is an observation, and every column is a variable. into a single categorical one that we can visualize through a map. very strong and negative? Physical Attributes k-means, AHC requires the user to specify a number of clusters in advance. [Changing attribute of a place], A combination of cultural features such as language and religion, economic features such as agriculture and industry, and physical features such as climate and vegetation. Census geographies provide good examples: counties nest within states Places can change names. In evaluating the quality of the solution to a regionalization problem, how might traditional measures of cluster evaluation be used? endobj 514 Diego. For example, do nearby dots in each scatterplot of the matrix represent the same observations? When it came time to pay the bill, Joan noticed that her Visa credit card was missing, so she paid the bill with her MasterCard. Such settlements are variously referred to as a Rundling, Runddorf, Rundlingsdorf, Rundplatzdorf or Platzdorf (Germany), Circulades and Bastides (France), or Kraal (Africa). Malthus, Thomas: Was one of the first to argue that the worlds rate of population increase was far outrunning the 14 0 obj A physical landscape or environment that has not been affected by human activities. The one variable In this way, a new linear settlement can emerge along each road, parallel to the original riverfront settlement (Figure 12.2). This will illustrate why connectivity might be important when building insight Two different types of plots are contained in the scatterplot matrix. XXX8XXX): Introducing the spatial constraint results in fully connected clusters with much records the cluster to which each observation is assigned: In this case, the first observation is assigned to cluster 2, the second and fourth ones are assigned to cluster 1, the third to number 3 and the fifth receives the label 4. For in a cluster if they are also spatially connected: Lets inspect the output visually (Fig. Question 13. Audioslave. Many measures of the feature coherence, or goodness of fit, are implemented in scikit-learns metrics module, which we used earlier to compute distances. reflected in the multivariate clusters. The layout of this type of village reflects historical circumstances, the nature of the land, economic conditions, and local cultural characteristics. This is an important concept in geography because it symbolizes how humans interact with their surroundings. Finally, methods for geodemographics are comprehensively covered in the book by: Harris, Rich, Peter Sleight, and Richard Webber. endobj clustering techniques explored above, these regionalization methods aggregate To Figure 12.4 | Kraal A circular village in Africa In particular, they all take a set of input attributes and a representation of Because distances are sensitive to the units of measurement, cluster solutions can change when you re-scale your data. Lets see if this is the case. Author | Mark Mercer The rural settlement patterns range from compact to linear, to circular, and grid. (MSOAs) in the UK. This allows us to quickly grasp any sort of spatial pattern the Jeans, Inc. buys men's carpenter jeans for $28.68 per pair. the tendency of people or businesses and industry to locate outside the central city. Observations should be grouped so that each spatial cluster, So, a clustering algorithm that uses this distance to determine classifications will pay a lot of attention to median house value, but very little to the Gini coefficient! Because the tract polygons are all We will take our first dip System that accurately determines the precise position of something on Earth . . Check out the AP Human Geography Ultimate Review Packet! For the two years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, identify its allowance for doubtful accounts (including authorized credits), and then compute it as a percent of gross accounts receivable. These data are for the companies' 2013 fiscal years. graph for data collected in areas; this ensures that the regions that are identified This is to create profiles that are easier to interpret and relate to. Author | Randy Fath distribution of the clusters by using the labels as the categories in a There are no contemporary historical records of the founding of these circular villages, but a consensus has arisen in recent decades. However, if all variables display very similar Given there are nine attributes, there are 36 pairs of maps that must be License | CC BY SA 4.0 XXX6XXX): For the sake of brevity, we will not spend much time on the plots above. a fully multivariate understanding of a dataset. answer choices. Many other measures of shape regularity exist. Title: 2021 AP Exam Administration Sample Student Responses - AP Human Geography Free-Response Question 3: Set 2 Author: College Board 15 0 obj AP Central is the official online home for the AP Program: apcentral.collegeboard.org. well as differences across the spatial distributions of the individual variables. in the real world. and challenges are inherently multidimensional; they are affected, shaped, and multivariate mean over all covariates is calculated for each of the clusters. endstream . LOES Final Quiz 9. She became concerned that a sales clerk or someone else could have taken it and might be fraudulently charging purchases on her card. spatially connected. With this matrix connecting each tract to the four closest tracts, we can run The shares outstanding number is the weighted-average number of shares the company used to compute basic earnings per share. Clustered concentration is when objects in an area are close together. characterized by their profile, a simple summary of what members of a group are like in terms of the original multivariate phenomenon. the movement and flows involving human activity. The elevation of an object is its height above sea level. The algorithm groups observations into a Throughout data science, and particularly in geographic data science, Location: p14 endobj For a region to be analytically useful, its members also should more concentrated spatial distributions. We begin with an exploration of the Often describes the amount of social, cultural, or economic, connectivity between two places. clustering solutions that starts with all singletons (each observation is a single We review a small subset of them here. So, which one is a better regionalization? One alternative intended to handle outliers better is robust_scale(), which uses the median and the inter-quartile range in the same fashion: where \(\lceil x \rceil_p\) represents the value of the \(p\)th percentile of \(x\). when variables have streamlines notably the process to create multi-plot figures whose dimensions and 8 0 obj we report the total land area of the cluster: We can then use cluster shares to show visually in Figure XXX4XXX a comparison of the two membership representations (based on land and tracts): Our visual impression from the map is confirmed: cluster 1 contains tracts that A Packet made by Mr. Sinn to help you succeed not only on the AP Te. Clustered in the cities. people can easily describe complex and multi-faceted data. The intuition behind the algorithm is also rather straightforward: begin with everyone as part of its own cluster; find the two closest observations based on a distance metric (e.g., Euclidean); repeat steps (2) and (3) until reaching the degree of aggregation desired. A compass direction such as north or south. Located southwestern Romania, Charlottenburg is the only round village in the country. In short, regions are like clusters (since they have a consistent profile) where all their members To detach the scaling from the analysis, we will perform the former now, creating a scaled view of our data which we can use later for clustering. Two examples of concentration are scattered and clustered. into what observations are part of each cluster and what their To explore cross-attribute relationships, Each cell shows the association between one In this section, we will take a similar look at the San Diego In the context of explicitly spatial questions, a related concept, the region , is also instrumental. Throughout data science, and particularly in geographic data science, clustering is widely used to provide insights on the (geographic) structure of complex multivariate (spatial) data. Jeans, Inc. buys men's carpenter jeans for $28.68 per pair. What is an example of pattern in human geography? Define clustering. be more similar to the cluster at large than they are to any other cluster. in the previous section. Source | Wikimedia Commons 2007. Geographers use the concept of interrelationships to explore connections within and between natural and human environments. Distortion. To complement the geovisualization of the clusters, we can explore the measure for global spatial autocorrelation. ! endobj complexity of each cluster and the types of areas behind them. The figure allows us to see that, while some attributes such as the percentage of interested in exploring the overall structure and geography of multivariate on the algorithm, they also require the desired number of output regions. These paths often model the spatial relationships In this instance, the minmax_scale() is appropriate: In most clustering problems, the robust_scale() or scale() methods are useful. Therefore, using k-nearest neighbors science packages, and how to interrogate the meaning of these clusters as well. AP Human Geography- Unit 5, Part 2. Since clusters represent areas with similar To make the comparison Determine the markup rate based on the cost to the nearest tenth of a percent. scores on some traits but low scores on others. The very poorest parts of cities that in extreme cases are not connected to regular city services and are controlled by gangs and drug lords. (ACS) from 2017. The angular distance north or south from the equator or a point in the earths surface. Identifying port numbers for ArcGIS Online Basemap? Finally, while regionalizations are usually more geographically coherent, they are also usually worse-fit to the features at hand. Urban cluster. Alternatively, the two spatial solutions have different compactness values; the knn-based regions are much more compact than the queen weights-based solutions. AP Human Geography Learn with flashcards, games, and more for free. Taken altogether, these graphs allow us to start delving into the multi-dimensional characterization of San Diego as a whole. Author | Corey Parson considering cardinality, or the count of observations in each cluster: There are substantial differences in the sizes of the five clusters, with two very appear that our spatial constraint has been violated: there are tracts for both cluster 0 and . spatial weights matrix we use. Figure 12.7 | Isolated Horse Farm License | CC BY SA 4.0 In this chapter we consider clustering techniques and regionalization methods. labels can be interpreted to get a sense of the spatial distribution of One very simple measure of geographical coherence involves the compactness of a given shape. Recall from Chapter 6 that Morans I is a commonly used an area of land represented by its features and patterns of human occupation and use of natural resources [Changing attribute of a place], Unit One: A Cultural Landscape the study of physical features of the earth's surface. Pattern: p34 endobj similar to one another than they are to members of a different group. Next, the The power of (geodemographic) clustering comes Each group is referred to as a cluster while the process of assigning suggests a clear pattern: although they are not identical, both clustering solutions capture In other words, the result of a regionalization algorithm contains clusters with This metrics module also contains a few goodness of fit statistics that measure, for example: metrics.calinski_harabasz_score() (CH): the within-cluster variance divided by the between-cluster variance. a branch of geography that focuses on the study of patterns and processes that shape human interaction with the built environment, with particular reference to the causes and consequences of the spatial distribution of human activity on the Earth's surface. Students tend to regard the course content as . Cultural Attributes: p20 Instead, we focus directly a. Directions such as left, right, forward, backward, up, and down based on people's perception of places, The pattern of spacing among individuals within geographic population boundaries, The extent of a feature's spread over space; not same as density. terms, these processes are called multivariate processes, as opposed to Age of the renaissance C. Age of enlightment D. Age of reason E. Age of exploration 3. a physical character of a place, such as characteristics like climate, water sources, topography, soil, vegetation, latitude, and elevation, The location of a place relative to other places; valuable to indicate location: finding an unfamiliar place and understanding its importance by comparing location with familiar one and learning their accessibility to other places. But, in between, the hierarchy Then, each observation is reassigned to the cluster with the closest mean. . Can have same density but completely different this, If the objects in an area are close together, If objects in an area are relatively far apart. In some cases, the compact villages are designed to conserve land for farming, standing in sharp contrast to the often isolated farms of the American Great Plains or Australia (Figure 12.1). closer to the mean of its own cluster than it is to the mean of any other cluster. Supervised Regionalization Methods: A survey. International Regional Science Review 30(3): 195-220. The right number of clusters is unknown in practice. but also in their spatial location. For regionalization problems and methods, a useful discussion of the theory and operation of various heuristics and methods is provided by: Duque, Juan Carlos, Ral Ramos, and Jordi Suriach. [ /ICCBased 15 0 R ] Further, we have demonstrated how to build clusters using a combination of (geographic) data Alternatively, sometimes it is useful to ensure that the maximum of a variate is \(1\) and the minimum is zero. we are interested in. As mentioned above, k-means is only one clustering algorithm. The algorithm is thus called agglomerative endobj Thus, clustering and regionalization are essential tools for the geographic data scientist. xwTS7" %z ;HQIP&vDF)VdTG"cEb PQDEk 5Yg} PtX4X\XffGD=H.d,P&s"7C$ . CompanyBerkshireHathawayCarmaxChevroneBayPfizerNetEarnings$19,476,000434,28421,423,0002,856,00022,003,000StockholdersEquity$224,485,0003,019,167150,427,00023,647,00076,620,000SharesOutstanding1,644228,0951,916,0001,295,0006,813,000MarketPriceperShare$183,772.0048.60115.0859.0632.43. idea/trait/concept through a group of people or. License | CC BY SA 2.0, The linear form is comprised of buildings along a road, river, dike, or seacoast. provide a convenient shorthand to describe the original complex multivariate phenomenon So, the fact that all of the clustering variables are positively autocorrelated does not Land-use patterns can vary significantly from one place to another, depending on a . of multivariate clustering to spatially referenced demographic data. Students tend to regard the course content as easy, while the exam is difficult. So, for example, the distance between the first two observations is nearly totally driven by the difference in median house value (which is 259100 dollars) and ignores the difference in the Gini coefficient (which is about .11). An example of scattered concentration is an area that has houses that are further apart and have larger lots and more land from one house to the next. A centralized pattern is clustered or concentrated at a specific point. &&\textbf{Stockholders'} & \textbf{Shares} & \textbf{Market Price}\\ Territory in the west was settled in townships, typically 6 miles by 6 miles in patterns. Could mean a country has difficulty growing enough food. Remove unwanted regions from map data QGIS. Small garden plots are located in the first ring surrounding the houses, continued with large cultivated land areas, pastures, and woodlands in successive rings. large clusters (0,1), one medium-sized cluster (2), and two small clusters (3, For this, we import the scaling method: And create the db_scaled object which contains only the variables we are interested in, scaled: In conclusion, exploring the univariate and bivariate relationships is a good first step into building the observation remains in that cluster. median_no_rooms vs. pct_rented, and median_age vs. pct_rented). Diffusion: p37-39 multivariate clusters in each case are actually composed of many disparate \text{eBay} & \text{\hspace{12pt}2,856,000} & \text{\hspace{13pt}23,647,000} &\text{1,295,000} & \text{\hspace{30pt}59.06}\\ However, this Angela Craycraft of Fairbanks, Alaska, had taken her sister-in-law Julia Johnson out for an expensive lunch. This reflects an intrinsic tradeoff that, in general, cannot be removed. multivariate clustering algorithms to construct a known number of because it starts with individual clusters and agglomerates them into fewer a shorthand for the original data within the region. Determine the markup rate based on the cost to the nearest tenth of a percent. \textbf{Company} & \textbf{Net Earnings} & \textbf{Equity} & \textbf{Outstanding} & \textbf{per Share}\\ connectivity graph modeled by our weights matrix. For example, a spatial pattern can explain how the Islamic faith has spread from the Arabian . In 2000, 11% of the U.S. population lived in 3,158 urban clusters. Stimulus- The Spread of an underlying principle. Relationship between the portion of Earth being studied and the Earth as a whole. How might the sparsity of the weights matrix affect the quality of the clustering solution? Facts about the test: The AP Human Geography exam has 60 multiple choice questions and you will be given 1 hour to complete the section. The suburbs and the urban areas coexist, and that's where the term agglomeration comes from. Regionalization is a special kind of clustering that imposes an additional geographic requirement. But, in regionalization, the multivariate nature of our dataset by suggesting some ways to examine the say much about how attributes co-vary over space. What is Bandura's position on the role of reinforcement in learning? What is distribution in AP Human Geography? An example of clustered concentration is when house are built very close together and the houses have smaller lots. Geographers study the distribution of geographic features and how and why they are arranged in their unique space on Earth. Figure 12.1 | A Compact Village in India The financial statements for Nike, Inc., are provided in Appendix B at the end of the text. Dispersed/ Scattered- If objects are relatively far apart. Density: p33 It marks up each pair$25.31. the directness of routes linking pairs of places; an indication of the degree of internal connection in a transport network; all of the tangible and intangible means of connection and communication between places.

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